HISTORY AND GEOGRAPHY The Industrial Revolution: Changes and Challenges Reader Worker protest Child labor Factory Spinning jenny ˈhɪstəri ənd ʤiˈɑgrəfi ðə ˌɪnˈdʌstriəl ˌrɛvəˈluʃən: ˈʧeɪnʤəz ənd ˈʧælənʤɪz ˈridər ˈwərkər ˈproʊˌtɛst ʧaɪld ˈleɪbər ˈfæktəri ˈspɪnɪŋ ˈʤɛni 历史和地理工业革命:变化和挑战读者工人抗议童工工厂纺纱珍妮
THIS BOOK IS THE PROPERTY OF: STATE PROVINCE COUNTY PARISH SCHOOL DISTRICT OTHER Book No. Enter information in spaces to the left as instructed. ðɪs bʊk ɪz ðə ˈprɑpərti ʌv: steɪt ˈprɑvəns ˈkaʊnti ˈpærɪʃ skul ˈdɪstrɪkt ˈʌðər bʊk noʊ. ˈɛntər ˌɪnˌfɔrˈmeɪʃən ɪn ˈspeɪsəz tu ðə lɛft æz ˌɪnˈstrʌktəd. 本书归以下所有者所有:州省县教区学区其他书号。按照说明在左侧空格处输入信息。 CONDITION ISSUED RETURNED ISSUED TO Year Used PUPILS to whom this textbook is issued must not write on any page or mark any part of it in any way, consumable textbooks excepted. kənˈdɪʃən ˈɪʃud rɪˈtərnd ˈɪʃud tu jɪr juzd ˈpjupəlz tu hum ðɪs ˈtɛkstˌbʊk ɪz ˈɪʃud mʌst nɑt raɪt ɑn ˈɛni peɪʤ ɔr mɑrk ˈɛni pɑrt ʌv ɪt ɪn ˈɛni weɪ, kənˈsuməbəl ˈtɛkstˌbʊks ɪkˈsɛptɪd. 条件 已发行 已退回 已使用年限 收到这本教科书的学生不得在任何页面上书写或以任何方式标记其任何部分,消耗性教科书除外。 1. 1 1. Teachers should see that the pupil's name is clearly written in ink in the spaces above in every book issued. ˈtiʧərz ʃʊd si ðæt ðə pupil's* neɪm ɪz ˈklɪrli ˈrɪtən ɪn ɪŋk ɪn ðə ˈspeɪsəz əˈbʌv ɪn ˈɛvəri bʊk ˈɪʃud. 教师应确保在每本发行的书籍的上方空白处用墨水清楚地写上学生的名字。 2. 2 2. The following terms should be used in recording the condition of the book: New; Good; Fair; Poor; Bad. ðə ˈfɑloʊɪŋ tərmz ʃʊd bi juzd ɪn rəˈkɔrdɪŋ ðə kənˈdɪʃən ʌv ðə bʊk: nu; gʊd; fɛr; pur; bæd. 记录书籍状况时应使用以下术语:新的;好的;公平的;贫穷的;坏的。
The Industrial Revolution: Changes and Challenges Reader ðə ˌɪnˈdʌstriəl ˌrɛvəˈluʃən: ˈʧeɪnʤəz ənd ˈʧælənʤɪz ˈridər 工业革命:变化与挑战读者
The Industrial Revolution: Changes and Challenges Reader ðə ˌɪnˈdʌstriəl ˌrɛvəˈluʃən: ˈʧeɪnʤəz ənd ˈʧælənʤɪz ˈridər 工业革命:变化与挑战读者
Chapter 1 Effects of the Industrial Revolution The World Transformed Some of the most important changes in all of human history began in Great Britain in the 1700s and early 1800s. ˈʧæptər 1 ɪˈfɛkts ʌv ðə ˌɪnˈdʌstriəl ˌrɛvəˈluʃən ðə wərld trænsˈfɔrmd sʌm ʌv ðə moʊst ˌɪmˈpɔrtənt ˈʧeɪnʤəz ɪn ɔl ʌv ˈhjumən ˈhɪstəri bɪˈgæn ɪn greɪt ˈbrɪtən ɪn ðə 1700s* ənd ˈərli 1800s*. 第 1 章工业革命的影响改变了世界人类历史上一些最重要的变化始于 1700 年代和 1800 年代初期的英国。 During those years, steam-powered engines and pumps began to replace animals and human muscle power. ˈdʊrɪŋ ðoʊz jɪrz, steam-powered* ˈɛnʤənz ənd pʌmps bɪˈgæn tu ˌriˈpleɪs ˈænəməlz ənd ˈhjumən ˈmʌsəl paʊər. 在那些年里,蒸汽动力发动机和泵开始取代动物和人类的肌肉力量。 Steam engines helped pump water out of coal mines. stim ˈɛnʤənz hɛlpt pʌmp ˈwɔtər aʊt ʌv koʊl maɪnz. 蒸汽机帮助将水抽出煤矿。 They helped grind grain into flour. ðeɪ hɛlpt graɪnd greɪn ˈɪntu flaʊər. 他们帮助把谷物磨成\u200b\u200b面粉。 They ran machines in factories that powered looms to weave cotton or woolen cloth. ðeɪ ræn məˈʃinz ɪn ˈfæktəriz ðæt paʊərd lumz tu wiv ˈkɑtən ɔr ˈwʊlən klɔθ. 他们在工厂里运行机器,为织布机提供动力来织造棉布或羊毛布。 Vocabulary loom, n. a machine used to weave threads into cloth The Big Question How would you describe working conditions in the early part of the Industrial Revolution? voʊˈkæbjəˌlɛri lum, ɛn. ə məˈʃin juzd tu wiv θrɛdz ˈɪntu klɔθ ðə bɪg kˈwɛsʧən haʊ wʊd ju dɪˈskraɪb ˈwərkɪŋ kənˈdɪʃənz ɪn ðə ˈərli pɑrt ʌv ðə ˌɪnˈdʌstriəl ˌrɛvəˈluʃən? 词汇织机,n。用于将线织成布的机器 大问题 您如何描述工业革命早期的工作条件?
More and more, factories became a familiar sight across a landscape that had once been largely agricultural. mɔr ənd mɔr, ˈfæktəriz bɪˈkeɪm ə fəˈmɪljər saɪt əˈkrɔs ə ˈlændˌskeɪp ðæt hæd wʌns bɪn ˈlɑrʤli ˌægrɪˈkʌlʧərəl. 工厂越来越成为熟悉的景象,横跨曾经主要是农业的土地。
As the Industrial Revolution gained speed, factories sprang up in one city after another. æz ðə ˌɪnˈdʌstriəl ˌrɛvəˈluʃən geɪnd spid, ˈfæktəriz spræŋ ʌp ɪn wʌn ˈsɪti ˈæftər əˈnʌðər. 随着工业革命的加速,一个又一个城市涌现出工厂。 These factories drew many workers from the countryside to the cities. ðiz ˈfæktəriz dru ˈmɛni ˈwərkərz frʌm ðə ˈkʌntriˌsaɪd tu ðə ˈsɪtiz. 这些工厂将许多工人从农村吸引到城市。 Thousands of people who had lived according to the age-old rhythms of planting and harvesting began to live according to the new rhythms of the modern factory. ˈθaʊzəndz ʌv ˈpipəl hu hæd lɪvd əˈkɔrdɪŋ tu ðə age-old* ˈrɪðəmz ʌv ˈplæntɪŋ ənd ˈhɑrvəstɪŋ bɪˈgæn tu laɪv əˈkɔrdɪŋ tu ðə nu ˈrɪðəmz ʌv ðə ˈmɑdərn ˈfæktəri. 成千上万按照古老的播种和收获节奏生活的人开始按照现代工厂的新节奏生活。 By the late 1800s, the Industrial Revolution had spread beyond Great Britain. baɪ ðə leɪt 1800s*, ðə ˌɪnˈdʌstriəl ˌrɛvəˈluʃən hæd sprɛd bɪɑnd greɪt ˈbrɪtən. 到 1800 年代后期,工业革命已经蔓延到英国以外的地区。 It had spread across the body of water called the English Channel to Europe and across the Atlantic Ocean to the United States. ɪt hæd sprɛd əˈkrɔs ðə ˈbɑdi ʌv ˈwɔtər kɔld ðə ˈɪŋglɪʃ ˈʧænəl tu ˈjʊrəp ənd əˈkrɔs ðə əˈtlæntɪk ˈoʊʃən tu ðə juˈnaɪtəd steɪts. 它穿过称为英吉利海峡的水域传播到欧洲,并穿过大西洋传播到美国。 It had also begun to enter a new phase of development. ɪt hæd ˈɔlsoʊ bɪˈgʌn tu ˈɛntər ə nu feɪz ʌv dɪˈvɛləpmənt. 也开始进入新的发展阶段。 Great Britain had taken the lead during the first phase of the Industrial Revolution, which featured steam power, coal, and cotton manufacturing. greɪt ˈbrɪtən hæd ˈteɪkən ðə lɛd ˈdʊrɪŋ ðə fərst feɪz ʌv ðə ˌɪnˈdʌstriəl ˌrɛvəˈluʃən, wɪʧ ˈfiʧərd stim paʊər, koʊl, ənd ˈkɑtən ˌmænjəˈfækʧərɪŋ. 英国在工业革命的第一阶段处于领先地位,该阶段以蒸汽动力、煤炭和棉花制造为特色。 During the second phase, which featured steel, electricity, oil, and gas, the United States took the lead. ˈdʊrɪŋ ðə ˈsɛkənd feɪz, wɪʧ ˈfiʧərd stil, ɪˌlɛkˈtrɪsəti, ɔɪl, ənd gæs, ðə juˈnaɪtəd steɪts tʊk ðə lɛd. 在以钢铁、电力、石油和天然气为特色的第二阶段,美国处于领先地位。 Like most great changes in human history, the Industrial Revolution has had positive and negative results. laɪk moʊst greɪt ˈʧeɪnʤəz ɪn ˈhjumən ˈhɪstəri, ðə ˌɪnˈdʌstriəl ˌrɛvəˈluʃən hæz hæd ˈpɑzətɪv ənd ˈnɛgətɪv rɪˈzʌlts. 与人类历史上的大多数重大变革一样,工业革命产生了积极和消极的结果。 Generally speaking, the Industrial Revolution improved the lives of millions by making a great variety of goods more affordable and more widely available. ˈʤɛnərəli ˈspikɪŋ, ðə ˌɪnˈdʌstriəl ˌrɛvəˈluʃən ˌɪmˈpruvd ðə lɪvz ʌv ˈmɪljənz baɪ ˈmeɪkɪŋ ə greɪt vərˈaɪəti ʌv gʊdz mɔr əˈfɔrdəbəl ənd mɔr ˈwaɪdli əˈveɪləbəl. 总的来说,工业革命通过使种类繁多的商品更便宜、更普及,改善了数百万人的生活。 Most importantly though, the Industrial Revolution provided new kinds of employment opportunities for people. moʊst ˌɪmˈpɔrtəntli ðoʊ, ðə ˌɪnˈdʌstriəl ˌrɛvəˈluʃən prəˈvaɪdəd nu kaɪndz ʌv ɛmˈplɔɪmənt ˌɑpərˈtunətiz fɔr ˈpipəl. 但最重要的是,工业革命为人们提供了新的就业机会。 But industrialization has also had less desirable consequences. bʌt ˌɪnˌdəstriəlɪˈzeɪʃən hæz ˈɔlsoʊ hæd lɛs dɪˈzaɪrəbəl ˈkɑnsəkˌwɛnsəz. 但工业化也带来了不太理想的后果。 For instance, it has led to great inequalities of wealth. fɔr ˈɪnstəns, ɪt hæz lɛd tu greɪt ˌɪnəkˈwɑlɪtiz ʌv wɛlθ. 例如,它导致了财富的巨大不平等。 Almost from the beginning, factory owners and businessmen became very wealthy, while most workers toiled away in factories and generally remained poor. ˈɔlˌmoʊst frʌm ðə bɪˈgɪnɪŋ, ˈfæktəri ˈoʊnərz ənd ˈbɪznɪsˌmɛn bɪˈkeɪm ˈvɛri ˈwɛlθi, waɪl moʊst ˈwərkərz tɔɪld əˈweɪ ɪn ˈfæktəriz ənd ˈʤɛnərəli rɪˈmeɪnd pur. 几乎从一开始,工厂主和商人就变得非常富有,而大多数工人在工厂里辛勤劳作,普遍仍然贫穷。 The workers who lived through the early phases of the Industrial Revolution had an especially hard time. ðə ˈwərkərz hu lɪvd θru ðə ˈərli ˈfeɪzəz ʌv ðə ˌɪnˈdʌstriəl ˌrɛvəˈluʃən hæd æn əˈspɛʃli hɑrd taɪm. 经历过工业革命早期阶段的工人的日子尤其艰难。 These workers worked long hours in dangerous circumstances. ðiz ˈwərkərz wərkt lɔŋ aʊərz ɪn ˈdeɪnʤərəs ˈsərkəmˌstænsəz. 这些工人在危险的环境中长时间工作。 They received low wages and had little or no legal protection. ðeɪ rəˈsivd loʊ ˈweɪʤəz ənd hæd ˈlɪtəl ɔr noʊ ˈligəl prəˈtɛkʃən. 他们的工资很低,很少或根本没有法律保护。 And, industrialization has had a significant impact on our environment, too! ənd, ˌɪnˌdəstriəlɪˈzeɪʃən hæz hæd ə səgˈnɪfɪkənt ˌɪmˈpækt ɑn aʊər ɪnˈvaɪrənmənt, tu! 而且,工业化也对我们的环境产生了重大影响! Vocabulary Industrial Revolution, n. a period of history during which the use of machines to produce goods changed society and the economy industrialization, n. a shift to the widespread use of machines and factories to produce goods voʊˈkæbjəˌlɛri ˌɪnˈdʌstriəl ˌrɛvəˈluʃən, ɛn. ə ˈpɪriəd ʌv ˈhɪstəri ˈdʊrɪŋ wɪʧ ðə jus ʌv məˈʃinz tu prəˈdus gʊdz ʧeɪnʤd soʊˈsaɪɪti ənd ðə ɪˈkɑnəmi ˌɪnˌdəstriəlɪˈzeɪʃən, ɛn. ə ʃɪft tu ðə ˈwaɪdˈsprɛd jus ʌv məˈʃinz ənd ˈfæktəriz tu prəˈdus gʊdz 词汇 工业革命,n。一段历史时期,在此期间使用机器生产商品改变了社会和经济工业化,n。转向广泛使用机器和工厂生产商品
Historians have many records of what it was like to live in Great Britain during the early stages of the Industrial Revolution. hɪˈstɔriənz hæv ˈmɛni rəˈkɔrdz ʌv wʌt ɪt wɑz laɪk tu laɪv ɪn greɪt ˈbrɪtən ˈdʊrɪŋ ðə ˈərli ˈsteɪʤɪz ʌv ðə ˌɪnˈdʌstriəl ˌrɛvəˈluʃən. 历史学家对工业革命早期英国的生活有很多记录。 We can read, for example, about Patience Kershaw, a girl who worked in the coal mines near Manchester, England, in the 1840s. wi kæn rɛd, fɔr ɪgˈzæmpəl, əˈbaʊt ˈpeɪʃəns ˈkərˌʃɑ, ə gərl hu wərkt ɪn ðə koʊl maɪnz nɪr ˈmænˌʧɛstər, ˈɪŋglənd, ɪn ðə 1840s*. 例如,我们可以读到 Patience Kershaw,一个 1840 年代在英国曼彻斯特附近的煤矿工作的女孩。 Here is a part of her story. hir ɪz ə pɑrt ʌv hər ˈstɔri. 这是她故事的一部分。 Patience Kershaw Speaks Out "When they ask you a question, Patience Kershaw, look them right in the eye and tell the truth. ˈpeɪʃəns ˈkərˌʃɑ spiks aʊt "wɛn ðeɪ æsk ju ə kˈwɛsʧən, ˈpeɪʃəns ˈkərˌʃɑ, lʊk ðɛm raɪt ɪn ðə aɪ ənd tɛl ðə truθ. Patience Kershaw 直言不讳“当他们问你问题时,Patience Kershaw,直视他们的眼睛并说实话。 That's all they want, the truth. ðæts ɔl ðeɪ wɑnt, ðə truθ. 这就是他们想要的,真相。 You are doing this for your father, may he rest in peace. ju ɑr duɪŋ ðɪs fɔr jɔr ˈfɑðər, meɪ hi rɛst ɪn pis. 你这样做是为了你父亲,愿他安息。 And for your sisters and your brothers. ənd fɔr jɔr ˈsɪstərz ənd jɔr ˈbrʌðərz. 为了你的姐妹和兄弟。 It is for our family, Patience. ɪt ɪz fɔr aʊər ˈfæməli, ˈpeɪʃəns. 这是为了我们的家人,耐心。 We can't go on like this." wi kænt goʊ ɑn laɪk ðɪs." 我们不能再这样下去了。” "Yes, Mother." "jɛs, ˈmʌðər." “是的,妈妈。” Patience wanted to do just as her mother asked. ˈpeɪʃəns ˈwɔntɪd tu du ʤʌst æz hər ˈmʌðər æskt. 耐心想按照她妈妈的要求去做。 But when she stood before tried to answer their questions, she began to tremble. bʌt wɛn ʃi stʊd bɪˈfɔr traɪd tu ˈænsər ðɛr kˈwɛsʧənz, ʃi bɪˈgæn tu ˈtrɛmbəl. 但是当她站在前面试图回答他们的问题时,她开始发抖。 She worried that Quite often, men, women, and children worked all day in factories for very little money. ʃi ˈwərid ðæt kwaɪt ˈɔftən, mɛn, ˈwɪmən, ənd ˈʧɪldrən wərkt ɔl deɪ ɪn ˈfæktəriz fɔr ˈvɛri ˈlɪtəl ˈmʌni. 她担心男人、女人和孩子常常整天在工厂里工作,挣的钱很少。
they would laugh at her ragged pants and jacket, and especially at her bare feet. ðeɪ wʊd læf æt hər ˈrægəd pænts ənd ˈʤækət, ənd əˈspɛʃli æt hər bɛr fit. 他们会嘲笑她破旧的裤子和夹克,尤其是她光着的脚。 She wished she had a dress. ʃi wɪʃt ʃi hæd ə drɛs. 她希望她有一件衣服。 Even though she had washed herself that morning, she still felt dirty. ˈivɪn ðoʊ ʃi hæd wɑʃt hərˈsɛlf ðæt ˈmɔrnɪŋ, ʃi stɪl fɛlt ˈdərti. 即便早上她已经洗过了,她还是觉得脏兮兮的。 Coal dust was caked around her eyes and in her hair. koʊl dʌst wɑz keɪkt əraʊnd hər aɪz ənd ɪn hər hɛr. 煤灰在她的眼睛周围和头发上结块。 Her hands were bruised and sore. hər hændz wər bruzd ənd sɔr. 她的手又肿又痛。 She looked worn and old. ʃi lʊkt wɔrn ənd oʊld. 她看上去疲惫不堪。 Lord Ashley himself asked her how old she was. lɔrd ˈæʃli hɪmˈsɛlf æskt hər haʊ oʊld ʃi wɑz. 阿什利勋爵亲自问她多大了。 "Seventeen, sir." "ˈsɛvənˈtin, sər." “十七岁,先生。” When he smiled and softly said he had a daughter just about her age, Patience realized these men meant her no harm. wɛn hi smaɪld ənd ˈsɔftli sɛd hi hæd ə ˈdɔtər ʤʌst əˈbaʊt hər eɪʤ, ˈpeɪʃəns ˈriəˌlaɪzd ðiz mɛn mɛnt hər noʊ hɑrm. 当他微笑着轻声说他有一个和她年龄相仿的女儿时,佩辛斯意识到这些男人并没有伤害她的意思。 Their questions about her life and work in the coal mines were not meant to make fun of her, Lord Ashley said. ðɛr kˈwɛsʧənz əˈbaʊt hər laɪf ənd wərk ɪn ðə koʊl maɪnz wər nɑt mɛnt tu meɪk fʌn ʌv hər, lɔrd ˈæʃli sɛd. 阿什利勋爵说,他们询问她在煤矿的生活和工作并不是要取笑她。 Patience took a deep breath. ˈpeɪʃəns tʊk ə dip brɛθ. 耐心深吸了一口气。 She told them that her father had died in a mining accident. ʃi toʊld ðɛm ðæt hər ˈfɑðər hæd daɪd ɪn ə ˈmaɪnɪŋ ˈæksədənt. 她告诉他们,她父亲死于一场矿难。 She was the oldest of ten children. ʃi wɑz ðə ˈoʊldəst ʌv tɛn ˈʧɪldrən. 她是十个孩子中的老大。 Her three sisters worked in the mill, but she and six brothers worked in the mine. hər θri ˈsɪstərz wərkt ɪn ðə mɪl, bʌt ʃi ənd sɪks ˈbrʌðərz wərkt ɪn ðə maɪn. 她的三个姐妹在工厂工作,但她和六个兄弟在矿山工作。 Her youngest brother was five. hər ˈjʌŋgəst ˈbrʌðər wɑz faɪv. 她最小的弟弟五岁。 "He works, too?" "hi wərks, tu?" “他也工作?” "Yes, sir. "jɛs, sər. “是的先生。 We all work." wi ɔl wərk." 我们都工作。” ''And school?" ''ənd skul?" “学校呢?” "No, sir, I never went to school. "noʊ, sər, aɪ ˈnɛvər wɛnt tu skul. “不,先生,我从未上过学。 I cannot read or write. aɪ ˈkænɑt rɛd ɔr raɪt. 我不能读或写。 None of us "Tell us about your work, Patience." nʌn ʌv ʌs "tɛl ʌs əˈbaʊt jɔr wərk, ˈpeɪʃəns." 我们都没有“告诉我们你的工作,Patience。” "I go [into the mine] at five o'clock in the morning and come out at five in the evening. "aɪ goʊ [ˈɪntu ðə maɪn] æt faɪv əˈklɑk ɪn ðə ˈmɔrnɪŋ ənd kʌm aʊt æt faɪv ɪn ðə ˈivnɪŋ. “我早上五点[进入矿井],晚上五点出来。 I get my breakfast of porridge and milk first; I take my dinner with me, a cake [a thick, oat cracker] and I eat as I go; I do not stop or rest any time." aɪ gɛt maɪ ˈbrɛkfəst ʌv ˈpɔrəʤ ənd mɪlk fərst; aɪ teɪk maɪ ˈdɪnər wɪð mi, ə keɪk [ə θɪk, oʊt ˈkrækər] ənd aɪ it æz aɪ goʊ; aɪ du nɑt stɑp ɔr rɛst ˈɛni taɪm." 我先吃粥和牛奶作为早餐;我带着我的晚餐,一块蛋糕 [一种厚厚的燕麦饼干],我边吃边吃;我任何时候都不会停下来或休息。” "Twelve hours each day?" "twɛlv aʊərz iʧ deɪ?" “每天十二个小时?” "Yes, sir. "jɛs, sər. “是的先生。 I have to walk about a half-hour to get to work, so I am up early. aɪ hæv tu wɔk əˈbaʊt ə ˈhæˌfaʊər tu gɛt tu wərk, soʊ aɪ æm ʌp ˈərli. 我要走大约半个小时才能上班,所以我起得很早。 And home late, long after dark. ənd hoʊm leɪt, lɔŋ ˈæftər dɑrk. 回家很晚,天黑很久以后。 I don't mind in the summer, but it's raw in the winter, and the rain." aɪ doʊnt maɪnd ɪn ðə ˈsʌmər, bʌt ɪts rɑ ɪn ðə ˈwɪntər, ənd ðə reɪn." 我不介意夏天,但冬天天气很冷,还有雨。” "What clothes do you have?" "wʌt kloʊðz du ju hæv?" “你有什么衣服?”
Lord Ashley Lord Ashley looked at the other men, especially the doctor. lɔrd ˈæʃli lɔrd ˈæʃli lʊkt æt ðə ˈʌðər mɛn, əˈspɛʃli ðə ˈdɑktər. 阿什利勋爵 阿什利勋爵看着其他人,尤其是医生。 He frowned and wrote something down in a large book that was open on the table in front of him. hi fraʊnd ənd roʊt ˈsʌmθɪŋ daʊn ɪn ə lɑrʤ bʊk ðæt wɑz ˈoʊpən ɑn ðə ˈteɪbəl ɪn frʌnt ʌv hɪm. 他皱着眉头,在面前桌上摊开的一本大本子上写下了些什么。 "Go on, Patience. "goʊ ɑn, ˈpeɪʃəns. “继续,耐心。 We're listening." wir ˈlɪsənɪŋ." 我们在听。” "I am the only girl in the pit; there are about twenty boys and fifteen men. ... "aɪ æm ðə ˈoʊnli gərl ɪn ðə pɪt; ðɛr ɑr əˈbaʊt tˈwɛnti bɔɪz ənd fɪfˈtin mɛn. “我是坑里唯一的女孩;大约有二十个男孩和十五个男人。...... Sometimes they beat me, if me upon my back." səmˈtaɪmz ðeɪ bit mi, ɪf mi əˈpɑn maɪ bæk." 有时他们会打我,如果我是在我的背上。” She looked down at her feet and began to sob. ʃi lʊkt daʊn æt hər fit ənd bɪˈgæn tu sɑb. 她低头看着自己的脚,开始抽泣。 "Thank you, Patience. "θæŋk ju, ˈpeɪʃəns. “谢谢你,耐心。 You may go." ju meɪ goʊ." 你可以走了。” Child Labor When Patience Kershaw left the room, Lord Ashley spoke to the members of the committee: "Imagine, gentlemen! ʧaɪld ˈleɪbər wɛn ˈpeɪʃəns ˈkərˌʃɑ lɛft ðə rum, lɔrd ˈæʃli spoʊk tu ðə ˈmɛmbərz ʌv ðə kəˈmɪti: "ˌɪˈmæʤən, ˈʤɛntəlmɪn! 童工 当 Patience Kershaw 离开房间时,Ashley 勋爵对委员会成员说:“想象一下,先生们! This, in the year of our Lord 1842. ðɪs, ɪn ðə jɪr ʌv aʊər lɔrd 1842 这是在我们的主 1842 年。 Our beloved Queen Victoria herself is just a few years older than this poor girl. the excess zeal of our industrialists. aʊər bɪˈlʌvd kwin vɪkˈtɔriə hərˈsɛlf ɪz ʤʌst ə fju jɪrz ˈoʊldər ðæn ðɪs pur gərl. ðə ˈɛkˌsɛs zil ʌv aʊər ˌɪnˈdʌstriəlɪsts. 我们敬爱的维多利亚女王本人只比这个可怜的女孩大几岁。我们工业家的过分热情。 We must act in Parliament." wi mʌst ækt ɪn ˈpɑrləmɛnt." 我们必须在议会中采取行动。” Lord Ashley had summoned Patience Kershaw to testify about one of the great problems created by the Industrial Revolution: the problem of child labor. lɔrd ˈæʃli hæd ˈsʌmənd ˈpeɪʃəns ˈkərˌʃɑ tu ˈtɛstɪˌfaɪ əˈbaʊt wʌn ʌv ðə greɪt ˈprɑbləmz kriˈeɪtəd baɪ ðə ˌɪnˈdʌstriəl ˌrɛvəˈluʃən: ðə ˈprɑbləm ʌv ʧaɪld ˈleɪbər. 阿什利勋爵传唤佩辛斯·克肖 (Patience Kershaw) 就工业革命造成的重大问题之一:童工问题作证。 Thousands of children, many of them younger than you are, worked in the mines and in the factories during the early stages of the Industrial Revolution. ˈθaʊzəndz ʌv ˈʧɪldrən, ˈmɛni ʌv ðɛm ˈjʌŋgər ðæn ju ɑr, wərkt ɪn ðə maɪnz ənd ɪn ðə ˈfæktəriz ˈdʊrɪŋ ðə ˈərli ˈsteɪʤɪz ʌv ðə ˌɪnˈdʌstriəl ˌrɛvəˈluʃən. 工业革命初期,成千上万的儿童在矿山和工厂工作,其中许多比您还小。 They had to. ðeɪ hæd tu. 他们不得不。 Their parents needed every penny of income to care for their large families, especially when they could not find ðɛr ˈpɛrənts ˈnidəd ˈɛvəri ˈpɛni ʌv ˈɪnˌkəm tu kɛr fɔr ðɛr lɑrʤ ˈfæməliz, əˈspɛʃli wɛn ðeɪ kʊd nɑt faɪnd 他们的父母需要每一分钱的收入来照顾他们的大家庭,尤其是当他们找不到
The owners of factories and mines actually preferred children over adult laborers. ðə ˈoʊnərz ʌv ˈfæktəriz ənd maɪnz ˈæˌkʧuəli prəˈfərd ˈʧɪldrən ˈoʊvər əˈdʌlt ˈleɪbərərz. 工厂和矿山的所有者实际上更喜欢儿童而不是成年工人。 Children worked in small, cramped quarters. ˈʧɪldrən wərkt ɪn smɔl, kræmpt kˈwɔrtərz. 孩子们在狭窄狭窄的宿舍里工作。 They could and would be beaten if they disobeyed. ðeɪ kʊd ənd wʊd bi ˈbitən ɪf ðeɪ ˌdɪsoʊˈbeɪd. 如果他们不服从,他们可能而且会被殴打。 They often did dangerous tasks that adults would refuse to do. ðeɪ ˈɔftən dɪd ˈdeɪnʤərəs tæsks ðæt əˈdʌlts wʊd rəfˈjuz tu du. 他们经常做成年人拒绝做的危险任务。 Above all, they were easily replaced. əˈbʌv ɔl, ðeɪ wər ˈizəli ˌriˈpleɪst. 最重要的是,它们很容易更换。 There were always more children looking for work. ðɛr wər ˈɔlˌweɪz mɔr ˈʧɪldrən ˈlʊkɪŋ fɔr wərk. 总是有更多的孩子在找工作。 Many orphanages gladly contracted out their children to bring the owners some profit. ˈmɛni ˈɔrfənɪʤɪz ˈglædli ˈkɑntræktəd aʊt ðɛr ˈʧɪldrən tu brɪŋ ðə ˈoʊnərz sʌm ˈprɑfət. 许多孤儿院乐于将他们的孩子外包出去,为业主带来一些利润。 Families that were sent to the poorhouse because they could not pay their rent or other bills often had no choice but to send their children to work. ˈfæməliz ðæt wər sɛnt tu ðə ˈpuˌrhaʊs bɪˈkɔz ðeɪ kʊd nɑt peɪ ðɛr rɛnt ɔr ˈʌðər bɪlz ˈɔftən hæd noʊ ʧɔɪs bʌt tu sɛnd ðɛr ˈʧɪldrən tu wərk. 因无力支付房租或其他账单而被送往济贫院的家庭通常别无选择,只能让孩子去工作。 If the father of a family lost his job or was injured or died, the mother and her children were desperate. ɪf ðə ˈfɑðər ʌv ə ˈfæməli lɔst hɪz ʤɑb ɔr wɑz ˈɪnʤərd ɔr daɪd, ðə ˈmʌðər ənd hər ˈʧɪldrən wər ˈdɛsprɪt. 如果一个家庭的父亲失去工作或受伤或死亡,母亲和她的孩子就会绝望。 They had to beg or work, and often did both. ðeɪ hæd tu bɛg ɔr wərk, ənd ˈɔftən dɪd boʊθ. 他们不得不乞讨或工作,而且经常两者兼而有之。 Changes for Everyone Gradually, reformers, or people who wanted to change things for the better in Great Britain and in other European countries, passed laws to protect women and children from harsh and unsafe working conditions. ˈʧeɪnʤəz fɔr ˈɛvriˌwən ˈgræʤuəli, rɪˈfɔrmərz, ɔr ˈpipəl hu ˈwɔntɪd tu ʧeɪnʤ θɪŋz fɔr ðə ˈbɛtər ɪn greɪt ˈbrɪtən ənd ɪn ˈʌðər ˌjʊrəˈpiən ˈkʌntriz, pæst lɔz tu prəˈtɛkt ˈwɪmən ənd ˈʧɪldrən frʌm hɑrʃ ənd ənˈseɪf ˈwərkɪŋ kənˈdɪʃənz. 为每个人做出的改变 渐渐地,改革者或希望在英国和其他欧洲国家改善现状的人们通过了保护妇女和儿童免受恶劣和不安全工作条件影响的法律。 Inspectors traveled to factories and mines; small children were required to attend school at least two hours a day. ˌɪnˈspɛktərz ˈtrævəld tu ˈfæktəriz ənd maɪnz; smɔl ˈʧɪldrən wər rikˈwaɪərd tu əˈtɛnd skul æt list tu aʊərz ə deɪ. 检查员走访工厂和矿山;小孩子必须每天至少上学两个小时。 These measures, Children were employed in mines and in factories. ðiz ˈmɛʒərz, ˈʧɪldrən wər ɛmˈplɔɪd ɪn maɪnz ənd ɪn ˈfæktəriz. 这些措施使儿童在矿山和工厂就业。 They could work in small, cramped places and were easily replaced. ðeɪ kʊd wərk ɪn smɔl, kræmpt ˈpleɪsəz ənd wər ˈizəli ˌriˈpleɪst. 它们可以在狭小狭窄的地方工作,而且很容易更换。 There were no laws to protect working children at the start of the Industrial Revolution. ðɛr wər noʊ lɔz tu prəˈtɛkt ˈwərkɪŋ ˈʧɪldrən æt ðə stɑrt ʌv ðə ˌɪnˈdʌstriəl ˌrɛvəˈluʃən. 在工业革命初期,没有保护童工的法律。 Vocabulary poorhouse, n. a place where poor people were sent to live if they were unable to pay their bills voʊˈkæbjəˌlɛri ˈpuˌrhaʊs, ɛn. ə pleɪs wɛr pur ˈpipəl wər sɛnt tu laɪv ɪf ðeɪ wər əˈneɪbəl tu peɪ ðɛr bɪlz 词汇贫民窟,n。如果穷人无力支付账单,他们就会被送去居住的地方
when they were enforced, certainly helped. wɛn ðeɪ wər ɛnˈfɔrst, ˈsərtənli hɛlpt. 当他们被强制执行时,肯定会有所帮助。 But working men were still at the mercy of employers. bʌt ˈwərkɪŋ mɛn wər stɪl æt ðə ˈmərsi ʌv ɛmˈplɔɪərz. 但是工人仍然受雇主的摆布。 Becoming ill or getting fired could happen at any time. bɪˈkʌmɪŋ ɪl ɔr ˈgɛtɪŋ faɪərd kʊd ˈhæpən æt ˈɛni taɪm. 生病或被解雇随时可能发生。 Horrible poverty and suffering could still befall whole towns and country areas if prices fell. ˈhɔrəbəl ˈpɑvərti ənd ˈsʌfərɪŋ kʊd stɪl bɪˈfɔl hoʊl taʊnz ənd ˈkʌntri ˈɛriəz ɪf ˈpraɪsəz fɛl. 如果价格下跌,可怕的贫困和苦难仍可能降临整个城镇和乡村地区。 What kept the workers going was, at times, the promise of a better life. wʌt kɛpt ðə ˈwərkərz goʊɪŋ wɑz, æt taɪmz, ðə ˈprɑməs ʌv ə ˈbɛtər laɪf. 有时,让工人们坚持下去的是对更美好生活的承诺。 Many people looked to America as the place where that new life might begin. ˈmɛni ˈpipəl lʊkt tu əˈmɛrɪkə æz ðə pleɪs wɛr ðæt nu laɪf maɪt bɪˈgɪn. 许多人将美国视为新生活可能开始的地方。 People heard stories that there was gold in the streets, just waiting to be picked up! ˈpipəl hərd ˈstɔriz ðæt ðɛr wɑz goʊld ɪn ðə strits, ʤʌst ˈweɪtɪŋ tu bi pɪkt ʌp! 人们听说街上有黄金,就等着被捡起来! This made many want to leave the lands where their families had lived for centuries. ðɪs meɪd ˈmɛni wɑnt tu liv ðə lændz wɛr ðɛr ˈfæməliz hæd lɪvd fɔr ˈsɛnʧəriz. 这让许多人想要离开他们的家人居住了几个世纪的土地。 Still other workers in Great Britain and in Europe wanted to stay and improve things at home. stɪl ˈʌðər ˈwərkərz ɪn greɪt ˈbrɪtən ənd ɪn ˈjʊrəp ˈwɔntɪd tu steɪ ənd ˌɪmˈpruv θɪŋz æt hoʊm. 英国和欧洲还有其他工人想留在家里改善生活。 They wanted more sweeping reforms, even a revolution that would free them from an economic system that seemed merciless. ðeɪ ˈwɔntɪd mɔr sˈwipɪŋ rəˈfɔrmz, ˈivɪn ə ˌrɛvəˈluʃən ðæt wʊd fri ðɛm frʌm æn ˌɛkəˈnɑmɪk ˈsɪstəm ðæt simd ˈmərsələs. 他们想要更彻底的改革,甚至是一场能让他们摆脱看似无情的经济体系的革命。 When they formed unions and refused to work in such bad conditions, they were sometimes arrested and sent to jail. wɛn ðeɪ fɔrmd ˈjunjənz ənd rəfˈjuzd tu wərk ɪn sʌʧ bæd kənˈdɪʃənz, ðeɪ wər səmˈtaɪmz ərˈɛstəd ənd sɛnt tu ʤeɪl. 当他们成立工会并拒绝在如此恶劣的条件下工作时,他们有时会被捕入狱。 Often, they would never work again. ˈɔftən, ðeɪ wʊd ˈnɛvər wərk əˈgɛn. 通常,他们再也不会工作了。 The Industrialists Workers weren't the only ones to complain. ðə ˌɪnˈdʌstriəlɪsts ˈwərkərz wərənt ðə ˈoʊnli wʌnz tu kəmˈpleɪn. 工业家工人并不是唯一抱怨的人。 Many factory and mine owners were unhappy, too. ˈmɛni ˈfæktəri ənd maɪn ˈoʊnərz wər ənˈhæpi, tu. 许多工厂和矿主也不高兴。 They believed that many of the laws introduced to protect the workers were unfair, and that working conditions were really not that bad. ðeɪ bɪˈlivd ðæt ˈmɛni ʌv ðə lɔz ˌɪntrəˈdust tu prəˈtɛkt ðə ˈwərkərz wər ənˈfɛr, ənd ðæt ˈwərkɪŋ kənˈdɪʃənz wər ˈrɪli nɑt ðæt bæd. 他们认为,许多保护工人的法律是不公平的,而且工作条件确实没有那么糟糕。 Many argued that the government had no right to interfere in the free exchange of goods and labor. ˈmɛni ˈɑrgjud ðæt ðə ˈgʌvərnmənt hæd noʊ raɪt tu ˌɪntərˈfɪr ɪn ðə fri ɪksˈʧeɪnʤ ʌv gʊdz ənd ˈleɪbər. 许多人争辩说,政府无权干涉商品和劳动力的自由交换。 The pay might be low, and the work at times dangerous, but no one was actually forcing people to do it. ðə peɪ maɪt bi loʊ, ənd ðə wərk æt taɪmz ˈdeɪnʤərəs, bʌt noʊ wʌn wɑz ˈæˌkʧuəli ˈfɔrsɪŋ ˈpipəl tu du ɪt. 薪水可能很低,而且工作有时很危险,但实际上没有人强迫人们去做。 After all, people chose to work in factories or in mines. ˈæftər ɔl, ˈpipəl ʧoʊz tu wərk ɪn ˈfæktəriz ɔr ɪn maɪnz. 毕竟,人们选择在工厂或矿山工作。 These industrialists believed that the economy would balance, or take care of itself naturally, if left alone. ðiz ˌɪnˈdʌstriəlɪsts bɪˈlivd ðæt ðə ɪˈkɑnəmi wʊd ˈbæləns, ɔr teɪk kɛr ʌv ˌɪtˈsɛlf ˈnæʧərəli, ɪf lɛft əˈloʊn. 这些实业家认为,如果任其发展,经济会平衡,或自然地照顾好自己。 No one would supply or produce more goods than could be sold at a fair price; and no one would want goods that were too Vocabulary union, n. an organization formed by workers to win and protect economy, n. the way a country manages its money and resources to produce, buy, and sell goods noʊ wʌn wʊd səˈplaɪ ɔr prəˈdus mɔr gʊdz ðæn kʊd bi soʊld æt ə fɛr praɪs; ənd noʊ wʌn wʊd wɑnt gʊdz ðæt wər tu voʊˈkæbjəˌlɛri ˈjunjən, ɛn. æn ˌɔrgənəˈzeɪʃən fɔrmd baɪ ˈwərkərz tu wɪn ənd prəˈtɛkt ɪˈkɑnəmi, ɛn. ðə weɪ ə ˈkʌntri ˈmænɪʤɪz ɪts ˈmʌni ənd ˈrisɔrsɪz tu prəˈdus, baɪ, ənd sɛl gʊdz 没有人会供应或生产超过以公平价格出售的商品;没有人会想要太多词汇结合的商品,n。由工人组成的组织,以赢得和保护经济,n。一个国家管理其资金和资源以生产、购买和销售商品的方式
expensive or undesirable. ɪkˈspɛnsɪv ɔr ˌəndɪˈzaɪrəbəl. 昂贵的或不受欢迎的。 If the government interfered too much, it would upset this balance, they argued. ɪf ðə ˈgʌvərnmənt ˌɪntərˈfɪrd tu mʌʧ, ɪt wʊd əpˈsɛt ðɪs ˈbæləns, ðeɪ ˈɑrgjud. 他们认为,如果政府干预过多,就会打破这种平衡。 For example, if the government stepped in to set conditions for workers' safety or for the quality or amount of goods being produced, the employers' profits would be affected. fɔr ɪgˈzæmpəl, ɪf ðə ˈgʌvərnmənt stɛpt ɪn tu sɛt kənˈdɪʃənz fɔr ˈwərkərz' ˈseɪfti ɔr fɔr ðə kˈwɑləti ɔr əˈmaʊnt ʌv gʊdz biɪŋ prəˈdust, ðə ɛmˈplɔɪərz' ˈprɑfɪts wʊd bi əˈfɛktɪd. 例如,如果政府介入为工人的安全或所生产商品的质量或数量设定条件,雇主的利润就会受到影响。 This, in turn, would affect the price of the goods and the wages paid to the worker. ðɪs, ɪn tərn, wʊd əˈfɛkt ðə praɪs ʌv ðə gʊdz ənd ðə ˈweɪʤəz peɪd tu ðə ˈwərkər. 这反过来又会影响商品价格和支付给工人的工资。 In the end, there would be no free market, and perhaps fewer jobs too! ɪn ðə ɛnd, ðɛr wʊd bi noʊ fri ˈmɑrkət, ənd pərˈhæps fjuər ʤɑbz tu! 最终,自由市场将不复存在,工作岗位或许也会减少! Everyone would be worse off. ˈɛvriˌwən wʊd bi wərs ɔf. 每个人都会变得更糟。 In their minds, the factory owners were doing the right thing. ɪn ðɛr maɪndz, ðə ˈfæktəri ˈoʊnərz wər duɪŋ ðə raɪt θɪŋ. 在他们看来,工厂主做的是对的。 Industrialists argued that by being forced to make factories and mines safer and healthier they would make less money and this could reduce workers' wages. ˌɪnˈdʌstriəlɪsts ˈɑrgjud ðæt baɪ biɪŋ fɔrst tu meɪk ˈfæktəriz ənd maɪnz ˈseɪfər ənd ˈhɛlθiər ðeɪ wʊd meɪk lɛs ˈmʌni ənd ðɪs kʊd rɪˈdus ˈwərkərz' ˈweɪʤəz. 工业家争辩说,如果被迫让工厂和矿山更安全、更健康,他们赚的钱就会减少,这会降低工人的工资。 Generally though, their main concern was keeping their profits as high as possible. ˈʤɛnərəli ðoʊ, ðɛr meɪn kənˈsərn wɑz ˈkipɪŋ ðɛr ˈprɑfɪts æz haɪ æz ˈpɑsəbəl. 但总的来说,他们主要关心的是尽可能保持高利润。 Vocabulary free market, n. an economic system based on competition between private businesses, where the government does not control prices voʊˈkæbjəˌlɛri fri ˈmɑrkət, ɛn. æn ˌɛkəˈnɑmɪk ˈsɪstəm beɪst ɑn ˌkɑmpəˈtɪʃən bɪtˈwin ˈpraɪvət ˈbɪznəsəz, wɛr ðə ˈgʌvərnmənt dʌz nɑt kənˈtroʊl ˈpraɪsəz 词汇自由市场,n。一种基于私营企业之间竞争的经济体系,政府不控制价格
Of course, many of these industrialists' idea of a "free market" meant that they should be free to make as much money as they could. ʌv kɔrs, ˈmɛni ʌv ðiz ˌɪnˈdʌstriəlɪsts' aɪˈdiə ʌv ə "fri ˈmɑrkət" mɛnt ðæt ðeɪ ʃʊd bi fri tu meɪk æz mʌʧ ˈmʌni æz ðeɪ kʊd. 当然,许多实业家的“自由市场”理念意味着他们应该可以自由地赚到尽可能多的钱。 They saw anyone who argued to the contrary as an enemy of business. ðeɪ sɔ ˈɛniˌwən hu ˈɑrgjud tu ðə ˈkɑntrɛri æz æn ˈɛnəmi ʌv ˈbɪznəs. 他们将任何持相反观点的人视为企业的敌人。 Because they were wealthy and had great influence in society, these men often held political power or could influence those who did. bɪˈkɔz ðeɪ wər ˈwɛlθi ənd hæd greɪt ˈɪnfluəns ɪn soʊˈsaɪɪti, ðiz mɛn ˈɔftən hɛld pəˈlɪtəkəl paʊər ɔr kʊd ˈɪnfluəns ðoʊz hu dɪd. 因为他们很富有并且在社会上有很大的影响力,所以这些人通常拥有政治权力或者可以影响那些拥有权力的人。 Thankfully, there were some outstanding exceptions, such as the determined Lord Ashley. ˈθæŋkfəli, ðɛr wər sʌm ˌaʊtˈstændɪŋ ɪkˈsɛpʃənz, sʌʧ æz ðə dɪˈtərmənd lɔrd ˈæʃli. 值得庆幸的是,有一些突出的例外,比如坚定的阿什利勋爵。 But for the most part, many wealthy industrialists disliked those who sought to change things. bʌt fɔr ðə moʊst pɑrt, ˈmɛni ˈwɛlθi ˌɪnˈdʌstriəlɪsts dɪsˈlaɪkt ðoʊz hu sɔt tu ʧeɪnʤ θɪŋz. 但在大多数情况下,许多富有的实业家不喜欢那些寻求改变事物的人。 They did what they could to strengthen their grasp on their wealth and privilege, or at least to stall any reforms. ðeɪ dɪd wʌt ðeɪ kʊd tu ˈstrɛŋθən ðɛr græsp ɑn ðɛr wɛlθ ənd ˈprɪvɪlɪʤ, ɔr æt list tu stɔl ˈɛni rəˈfɔrmz. 他们竭尽所能加强对自己财富和特权的掌控,或者至少拖延任何改革。 Meanwhile, the Patience Kershaws and her brothers and sisters of the era suffered. ˈminˌwaɪl, ðə ˈpeɪʃəns kershaws* ənd hər ˈbrʌðərz ənd ˈsɪstərz ʌv ðə ˈɛrə ˈsʌfərd. 与此同时,那个时代的 Patience Kershaws 和她的兄弟姐妹们也遭受了苦难。
Chapter 2 Before the Industrial Revolution Old Ways To understand how the Industrial Revolution changed people's lives, we need to know what life was like before it began. ˈʧæptər 2 bɪˈfɔr ðə ˌɪnˈdʌstriəl ˌrɛvəˈluʃən oʊld weɪz tu ˌəndərˈstænd haʊ ðə ˌɪnˈdʌstriəl ˌrɛvəˈluʃən ʧeɪnʤd ˈpipəlz lɪvz, wi nid tu noʊ wʌt laɪf wɑz laɪk bɪˈfɔr ɪt bɪˈgæn. 第二章工业革命之前的老路要了解工业革命如何改变人们的生活,我们需要知道生活在开始之前是什么样子的。 That means learning a The Big Question What was rural life like for ordinary people before the Industrial Revolution? ðæt minz ˈlərnɪŋ ə ðə bɪg kˈwɛsʧən wʌt wɑz ˈrʊrəl laɪf laɪk fɔr ˈɔrdəˌnɛri ˈpipəl bɪˈfɔr ðə ˌɪnˈdʌstriəl ˌrɛvəˈluʃən? 这意味着学习一个大问题 工业革命前普通人的农村生活是什么样的?
This image shows serfs at work in medieval England. ðɪs ˈɪməʤ ʃoʊz sərfs æt wərk ɪn mɪˈdivəl ˈɪŋglənd. 这张图片显示了中世纪英国农奴的工作。 Serfdom began to die out in England after the Peasants' Revolt of 1381. serfdom* bɪˈgæn tu daɪ aʊt ɪn ˈɪŋglənd ˈæftər ðə ˈpɛzənts' rɪˈvoʊlt ʌv 1381 1381 年农民起义后,农奴制开始在英格兰消亡。
Serfdom disappeared from England during the 1400s. serfdom* ˌdɪsəˈpɪrd frʌm ˈɪŋglənd ˈdʊrɪŋ ðə 1400s*. 农奴制在 1400 年代从英格兰消失。 Serfs became villagers. sərfs bɪˈkeɪm ˈvɪlɪʤərz. 农奴变成了村民。 These villagers were no longer tied to the land in the way that serfs had been. ðiz ˈvɪlɪʤərz wər noʊ ˈlɔŋgər taɪd tu ðə lænd ɪn ðə weɪ ðæt sərfs hæd bɪn. 这些村民不再像农奴那样依附于土地。 They rented land and were free to move if another landlord offered them better terms. ðeɪ ˈrɛntəd lænd ənd wər fri tu muv ɪf əˈnʌðər ˈlænˌdlɔrd ˈɔfərd ðɛm ˈbɛtər tərmz. 他们租用土地,如果另一位房东提供更好的条件,他们可以自由搬迁。 Some villagers even became prosperous yeomen farmers. sʌm ˈvɪlɪʤərz ˈivɪn bɪˈkeɪm ˈprɑspərəs yeomen* ˈfɑrmərz. 一些村民甚至成为富裕的自耕农。 Some of them hired other villagers as farm workers, and a few were even elite. sʌm ʌv ðɛm haɪərd ˈʌðər ˈvɪlɪʤərz æz fɑrm ˈwərkərz, ənd ə fju wər ˈivɪn ɪˈlit. 他们有的雇佣其他村民做农场工人,有的甚至是精英阶层。 But most rural English people were very poor. bʌt moʊst ˈrʊrəl ˈɪŋglɪʃ ˈpipəl wər ˈvɛri pur. 但大多数英国农村人都很穷。 Sometimes groups of people moved about searching for work. səmˈtaɪmz grups ʌv ˈpipəl muvd əˈbaʊt ˈsərʧɪŋ fɔr wərk. 有时,一群人四处走动寻找工作。 If they were lucky, they either found work as hired farm workers or rented humble cottages and garden plots. ɪf ðeɪ wər ˈlʌki, ðeɪ ˈiðər faʊnd wərk æz haɪərd fɑrm ˈwərkərz ɔr ˈrɛntəd ˈhʌmbəl ˈkɑtɪʤɪz ənd ˈgɑrdən plɑts. 如果幸运的话,他们要么找到雇用农场工人的工作,要么租下简陋的小屋和花园。 A Hard Life Patience Kershaw's distant ancestors, like almost all English people of that earlier time, worked from sunrise to sunset in fields near their village or town. ə hɑrd laɪf ˈpeɪʃəns kershaw's* ˈdɪstənt ˈænˌsɛstərz, laɪk ˈɔlˌmoʊst ɔl ˈɪŋglɪʃ ˈpipəl ʌv ðæt ˈərliər taɪm, wərkt frʌm ˈsʌnˌraɪz tu ˈsʌnˌsɛt ɪn fildz nɪr ðɛr ˈvɪləʤ ɔr taʊn. 艰苦的生活耐心克肖的远方祖先,就像那个年代几乎所有的英国人一样,从日出到日落都在他们村庄或城镇附近的田野里工作。 They used windmills and waterwheels to help them grind grain or pump water out of flooded fields; they used oxen in the fields. ðeɪ juzd ˈwɪndˌmɪlz ənd waterwheels* tu hɛlp ðɛm graɪnd greɪn ɔr pʌmp ˈwɔtər aʊt ʌv ˈflʌdəd fildz; ðeɪ juzd ˈɑksən ɪn ðə fildz. 他们使用风车和水车来帮助他们研磨谷物或从被洪水淹没的田地中抽水;他们在田间使用牛。 Poorer people, however, had to use their own muscle power. ˈpurər ˈpipəl, ˌhaʊˈɛvər, hæd tu jus ðɛr oʊn ˈmʌsəl paʊər. 然而,较贫穷的人不得不使用自己的体力。 Everyone faced the same problem: producing enough food to survive. on everyone's hard work. ˈɛvriˌwən feɪst ðə seɪm ˈprɑbləm: prəˈdusɪŋ ɪˈnʌf fud tu sərˈvaɪv. ɑn ˈɛvriˌwənz hɑrd wərk. 每个人都面临着同样的问题:生产足够的食物来生存。在大家的努力下。 When the weather was good, farmers grew wheat, rye, barley, and oats. wɛn ðə ˈwɛðər wɑz gʊd, ˈfɑrmərz gru wit, raɪ, ˈbɑrli, ənd oʊts. 天气好的时候,农民种植小麦、黑麦、大麦和燕麦。 They took these grains to nearby mills to be ground into flour. ðeɪ tʊk ðiz greɪnz tu ˈnɪrˈbaɪ mɪlz tu bi graʊnd ˈɪntu flaʊər. 他们把这些谷物带到附近的磨坊磨成面粉。 They baked the flour into bread or ate it as a mush or porridge. ðeɪ beɪkt ðə flaʊər ˈɪntu brɛd ɔr eɪt ɪt æz ə mʌʃ ɔr ˈpɔrəʤ. 他们将面粉烤成面包,或者做成糊状或粥状食用。 If there was enough grain, the farmers would also feed grain to their livestock. ɪf ðɛr wɑz ɪˈnʌf greɪn, ðə ˈfɑrmərz wʊd ˈɔlsoʊ fid greɪn tu ðɛr ˈlaɪvˌstɑk. 如果有足够的粮食,农民也会用粮食喂养他们的牲畜。 Vocabulary serfdom, n. an agricultural system in which people (serfs) were not free, but were required to stay and work for a landowner as the owner demanded serf, n. a peasant who is not free; a person living on a feudal estate who was required to work for the lord of the manor landlord, n. a person who owns property that other people pay to use or live in yeoman, n. a person who owns and works on a small farm gentry, n. people who own land and have high social standing but no titles of nobility voʊˈkæbjəˌlɛri serfdom*, ɛn. æn ˌægrɪˈkʌlʧərəl ˈsɪstəm ɪn wɪʧ ˈpipəl (sərfs) wər nɑt fri, bʌt wər rikˈwaɪərd tu steɪ ənd wərk fɔr ə ˈlænˌdoʊnər æz ðə ˈoʊnər dɪˈmændəd sərf, ɛn. ə ˈpɛzənt hu ɪz nɑt fri; ə ˈpərsən ˈlɪvɪŋ ɑn ə fˈjudəl ɛˈsteɪt hu wɑz rikˈwaɪərd tu wərk fɔr ðə lɔrd ʌv ðə ˈmænər ˈlænˌdlɔrd, ɛn. ə ˈpərsən hu oʊnz ˈprɑpərti ðæt ˈʌðər ˈpipəl peɪ tu jus ɔr laɪv ɪn ˈjoʊmən, ɛn. ə ˈpərsən hu oʊnz ənd wərks ɑn ə smɔl fɑrm ˈʤɛntri, ɛn. ˈpipəl hu oʊn lænd ənd hæv haɪ ˈsoʊʃəl ˈstændɪŋ bʌt noʊ ˈtaɪtəlz ʌv noʊˈbɪləti 词汇农奴制,n。一个农业系统,在这个系统中,人们(农奴)不是自由的,而是被要求留下来为土地所有者工作,因为所有者要求农奴,n。一个不自由的农民;居住在封建庄园的人,必须为庄园主 n. 的领主工作。拥有其他人付费使用或居住在 yeoman, n. 的财产的人。一个拥有小农场绅士并在其工作的人,n。拥有土地和社会地位高但没有贵族头衔的人
Patience Kershaw's ancestors also grew vegetables and herbs in their gardens. ˈpeɪʃəns kershaw's* ˈænˌsɛstərz ˈɔlsoʊ gru ˈvɛʤtəbəlz ənd ərbz ɪn ðɛr ˈgɑrdənz. Patience Kershaw 的祖先还在他们的花园里种植蔬菜和香草。 They might get eggs from their chickens, ducks, or geese. ðeɪ maɪt gɛt ɛgz frʌm ðɛr ˈʧɪkənz, dʌks, ɔr gis. 他们可能会从鸡、鸭或鹅身上获取鸡蛋。 Some were lucky enough to have apple or pear trees or to find wild berries. sʌm wər ˈlʌki ɪˈnʌf tu hæv ˈæpəl ɔr pɛr triz ɔr tu faɪnd waɪld ˈbɛriz. 有些人幸运地拥有苹果树或梨树,或者找到了野生浆果。 Others might catch fish in a nearby pond or river. ˈʌðərz maɪt kæʧ fɪʃ ɪn ə ˈnɪrˈbaɪ pɑnd ɔr ˈrɪvər. 其他人可能会在附近的池塘或河流中捕鱼。 Yeomen farmers might make cheese from their goats' or cows' milk or yarn from their sheep's wool. yeomen* ˈfɑrmərz maɪt meɪk ʧiz frʌm ðɛr goʊts' ɔr kaʊz' mɪlk ɔr jɑrn frʌm ðɛr ʃips wʊl. 自耕农可能会用山羊奶或牛奶制作奶酪,或者用羊毛制作纱线。 Whatever was extra could be sold or traded at the market. ˌwəˈtɛvər wɑz ˈɛkstrə kʊd bi soʊld ɔr ˈtreɪdɪd æt ðə ˈmɑrkət. 任何多余的东西都可以在市场上出售或交易。 Every village and town had at least one market every week or so during the warmer months. ˈɛvəri ˈvɪləʤ ənd taʊn hæd æt list wʌn ˈmɑrkət ˈɛvəri wik ɔr soʊ ˈdʊrɪŋ ðə ˈwɔrmər mʌnθs. 在温暖的月份里,每个村庄和城镇每周至少有一个市场。 Villagers could get items they needed or wanted but might not be able to produce themselves: salt, spices, perhaps a mirror or a bit of fancy cloth, or a comb carved from tortoise shell. ˈvɪlɪʤərz kʊd gɛt ˈaɪtəmz ðeɪ ˈnidəd ɔr ˈwɔntɪd bʌt maɪt nɑt bi ˈeɪbəl tu prəˈdus ðɛmˈsɛlvz: sɔlt, ˈspaɪsəz, pərˈhæps ə ˈmɪrər ɔr ə bɪt ʌv ˈfænsi klɔθ, ɔr ə koʊm kɑrvd frʌm ˈtɔrtəs ʃɛl. 村民可以获得他们需要或想要但可能无法自己生产的物品:盐、香料、也许是一面镜子或一块花哨的布,或者一把用龟甲雕刻而成的梳子。 Having something special, then as now, made people feel happy. ˈhævɪŋ ˈsʌmθɪŋ ˈspɛʃəl, ðɛn æz naʊ, meɪd ˈpipəl fil ˈhæpi. 拥有一些特别的东西,无论过去还是现在,都会让人感到快乐。 Medieval villages were usually centered around a church and a mill. mɪˈdivəl ˈvɪləʤɪz wər ˈjuʒəwəli ˈsɛntərd əraʊnd ə ʧərʧ ənd ə mɪl. 中世纪的村庄通常以教堂和磨坊为中心。 There might also be a large house belonging to a lord or a rich family. ðɛr maɪt ˈɔlsoʊ bi ə lɑrʤ haʊs bɪˈlɔŋɪŋ tu ə lɔrd ɔr ə rɪʧ ˈfæməli. 也可能有属于领主或富人家庭的大房子。 There was usually a river nearby also. ðɛr wɑz ˈjuʒəwəli ə ˈrɪvər ˈnɪrˈbaɪ ˈɔlsoʊ. 附近通常还有一条河流。
The Seasons In winter, poor villagers would have to slaughter their pigs, sheep, ducks, geese, and chickens rather than try to feed them until the next year's grain could be harvested. ðə ˈsizənz ɪn ˈwɪntər, pur ˈvɪlɪʤərz wʊd hæv tu sˈlɔtər ðɛr pɪgz, ʃip, dʌks, gis, ənd ˈʧɪkənz ˈræðər ðæn traɪ tu fid ðɛm ənˈtɪl ðə nɛkst jɪrz greɪn kʊd bi ˈhɑrvəstɪd. 季节 在冬天,贫穷的村民不得不宰杀他们的猪、羊、鸭、鹅和鸡,而不是在明年的谷物收割之前设法喂养它们。 Come spring, they would probably trade something they Each spring, farm workers had to plow and smooth the fields. kʌm sprɪŋ, ðeɪ wʊd ˈprɑbəˌbli treɪd ˈsʌmθɪŋ ðeɪ iʧ sprɪŋ, fɑrm ˈwərkərz hæd tu plaʊ ənd smuð ðə fildz. 春天来临时,他们可能会交换一些东西。每年春天,农场工人都必须犁地和平整田地。 If the fields were too wet, the wooden plow might get stuck; if the fields were too oxen or horses or even a cow, the farmers had to push or pull the plow down the field themselves. ɪf ðə fildz wər tu wɛt, ðə ˈwʊdən plaʊ maɪt gɛt stʌk; ɪf ðə fildz wər tu ˈɑksən ɔr ˈhɔrsəz ɔr ˈivɪn ə kaʊ, ðə ˈfɑrmərz hæd tu pʊʃ ɔr pʊl ðə plaʊ daʊn ðə fild ðɛmˈsɛlvz. 如果田地太湿,木犁可能会卡住;如果田地里的牛、马甚至奶牛太多,农民就不得不自己把犁推或拉到田里。 Even small children had to help in the fields and Seed was precious. ˈivɪn smɔl ˈʧɪldrən hæd tu hɛlp ɪn ðə fildz ənd sid wɑz ˈprɛʃəs. 即使是小孩也必须在田里帮忙,而种子很珍贵。 If the spring rains didn't come at just the right time, the seedlings died in the fields. ɪf ðə sprɪŋ reɪnz ˈdɪdənt kʌm æt ʤʌst ðə raɪt taɪm, ðə ˈsidlɪŋz daɪd ɪn ðə fildz. 春雨不及时,秧苗死在田里。 Crows and rats, too. kroʊz ənd ræts, tu. 乌鸦和老鼠也是。 Foxes preyed on the geese, ducks, and chickens. ˈfɑksəz preɪd ɑn ðə gis, dʌks, ənd ˈʧɪkənz. 狐狸捕食鹅、鸭和鸡。 To make matters worse, villagers were not allowed to hunt the deer or rabbits that ate their crops. tu meɪk ˈmætərz wərs, ˈvɪlɪʤərz wər nɑt əˈlaʊd tu hʌnt ðə dɪr ɔr ˈræbəts ðæt eɪt ðɛr krɑps. 更糟糕的是,村民们不得猎杀吃掉他们庄稼的鹿或兔子。 The lord reserved this pastime for himself and his family. ðə lɔrd rɪˈzərvd ðɪs ˈpæˌstaɪm fɔr hɪmˈsɛlf ənd hɪz ˈfæməli. 领主为他自己和他的家人保留了这种消遣。 Many a villager was punished harshly for Tending to the fields, as well as planting and harvesting, were very important jobs for farmers. ˈmɛni ə ˈvɪlɪʤər wɑz ˈpʌnɪʃt ˈhɑrʃli fɔr ˈtɛndɪŋ tu ðə fildz, æz wɛl æz ˈplæntɪŋ ənd ˈhɑrvəstɪŋ, wər ˈvɛri ˌɪmˈpɔrtənt ʤɑbz fɔr ˈfɑrmərz. 许多村民因为耕种和收割对农民来说是非常重要的工作,因此受到了严厉的惩罚。 It was essential that their crops grew. ɪt wɑz ɛˈsɛnʃəl ðæt ðɛr krɑps gru. 他们的庄稼生长至关重要。 Vocabulary poach, v. to hunt or fish illegally voʊˈkæbjəˌlɛri poʊʧ, vi. tu hʌnt ɔr fɪʃ ˌɪˈligəli 词汇 poach, v. 非法打猎或捕鱼
The Harvest Men usually harvested the grain by going down the rows on their knees and swinging a short, curved blade called a longer curved blade mounted stand up as they moved down the rows and cut the stalks. ðə ˈhɑrvəst mɛn ˈjuʒəwəli ˈhɑrvəstɪd ðə greɪn baɪ goʊɪŋ daʊn ðə roʊz ɑn ðɛr niz ənd sˈwɪŋɪŋ ə ʃɔrt, kərvd bleɪd kɔld ə ˈlɔŋgər kərvd bleɪd ˈmaʊntəd stænd ʌp æz ðeɪ muvd daʊn ðə roʊz ənd kʌt ðə stɔks. 收割者通常通过跪下行下并摆动短而弯曲的刀片(称为较长的弯曲刀片)来收割谷物,他们在行下移动并切割秸秆时站立安装。 Then, the farmers had to dry and bundle the stalks, take them to barns, and thresh, or beat them until the edible grain was freed from the husks. ðɛn, ðə ˈfɑrmərz hæd tu draɪ ənd ˈbʌndəl ðə stɔks, teɪk ðɛm tu bɑrnz, ənd θrɛʃ, ɔr bit ðɛm ənˈtɪl ðə ˈɛdəbəl greɪn wɑz frid frʌm ðə hʌsks. 然后,农民们必须将秸秆晒干并捆扎起来,带到谷仓,打谷或敲打,直到可食用的谷物从谷壳中分离出来。 Animals could eat the grain at this point. ˈænəməlz kʊd it ðə greɪn æt ðɪs pɔɪnt. 此时动物可以吃谷物。 But if the wheat or rye was going to be made into flour and baked, a farmer would have to take it to the mill. bʌt ɪf ðə wit ɔr raɪ wɑz goʊɪŋ tu bi meɪd ˈɪntu flaʊər ənd beɪkt, ə ˈfɑrmər wʊd hæv tu teɪk ɪt tu ðə mɪl. 但是如果要将小麦或黑麦制成面粉并烘烤,农民就必须将其带到磨坊。 Of course, he had to be careful to save some seed grain for the next year's crop. ʌv kɔrs, hi hæd tu bi ˈkɛrfəl tu seɪv sʌm sid greɪn fɔr ðə nɛkst jɪrz krɑp. 当然,他必须小心地为来年的收成保留一些籽粒。 Many families worried through the winter that they would not have enough food to last them until the next harvest, several months away. ˈmɛni ˈfæməliz ˈwərid θru ðə ˈwɪntər ðæt ðeɪ wʊd nɑt hæv ɪˈnʌf fud tu læst ðɛm ənˈtɪl ðə nɛkst ˈhɑrvəst, ˈsɛvərəl mʌnθs əˈweɪ. 整个冬天,许多家庭都担心他们没有足够的食物维持到几个月后的下一次收获。 Rural life was governed by the seasons, each in turn bringing its chores and celebrations. ˈrʊrəl laɪf wɑz ˈgʌvərnd baɪ ðə ˈsizənz, iʧ ɪn tərn ˈbrɪŋɪŋ ɪts ʧɔrz ənd ˌsɛləˈbreɪʃənz. 农村生活受季节支配,每个季节都会带来琐事和庆祝活动。 But everything depended on the success of the harvest. bʌt ˈɛvriˌθɪŋ dɪˈpɛndəd ɑn ðə səkˈsɛs ʌv ðə ˈhɑrvəst. 但一切都取决于收获的成功与否。 Starvation might have been rare, but malnutrition was Harvesting grain was hard work, and it was all done by hand, using a scythe. stɑrˈveɪʃən maɪt hæv bɪn rɛr, bʌt ˌmælnuˈtrɪʃən wɑz ˈhɑrvəstɪŋ greɪn wɑz hɑrd wərk, ənd ɪt wɑz ɔl dʌn baɪ hænd, ˈjuzɪŋ ə sɪθ. 饥饿可能很少见,但营养不良是 收割谷物是一项艰苦的工作,而且都是用手用镰刀完成的。 The use of the scythe 1800s and early 1900s. ðə jus ʌv ðə sɪθ 1800s* ənd ˈərli 1900s*. 1800 年代和 1900 年代早期镰刀的使用。 Vocabulary malnutrition, n. a state of poor health due to not having enough healthy food voʊˈkæbjəˌlɛri ˌmælnuˈtrɪʃən, ɛn. ə steɪt ʌv pur hɛlθ du tu nɑt ˈhævɪŋ ɪˈnʌf ˈhɛlθi fud 词汇营养不良,n。由于没有足够的健康食物而导致的健康状况不佳
opened the door to sickness and disease. ˈoʊpənd ðə dɔr tu ˈsɪknəs ənd dɪˈziz. 打开疾病之门。 Diseases that we no longer consider deadly, such as measles, whooping cough, and chicken pox, were often fatal. dɪˈzizəz ðæt wi noʊ ˈlɔŋgər kənˈsɪdər ˈdɛdli, sʌʧ æz ˈmizəlz, ˈwupɪŋ kɑf, ənd ˈʧɪkən pɑks, wər ˈɔftən ˈfeɪtəl. 我们不再认为致命的疾病,如麻疹、百日咳和水痘,往往是致命的。 Medical practices depended on home remedies based on herbs and prayers. ˈmɛdəkəl ˈpræktɪsɪz dɪˈpɛndəd ɑn hoʊm ˈrɛmədiz beɪst ɑn ərbz ənd prɛrz. 医疗实践依赖于基于草药和祈祷的家庭疗法。 Life may have been predictable, but it was rarely easy. laɪf meɪ hæv bɪn prɪˈdɪktəbəl, bʌt ɪt wɑz ˈrɛrli ˈizi. 生活可能是可以预见的,但绝非易事。 Daily Life Before Modern Times Most village houses had one large room with a low ceiling and a dirt floor. ˈdeɪli laɪf bɪˈfɔr ˈmɑdərn taɪmz moʊst ˈvɪləʤ ˈhaʊsəz hæd wʌn lɑrʤ rum wɪð ə loʊ ˈsilɪŋ ənd ə dərt flɔr. 近代以前的日常生活 大多数村屋都有一个大房间,天花板很低,地板很脏。 An open hole in the roof let out the smoke from the fireplace but let in the rain and snow. æn ˈoʊpən hoʊl ɪn ðə ruf lɛt aʊt ðə smoʊk frʌm ðə ˈfaɪərˌpleɪs bʌt lɛt ɪn ðə reɪn ənd snoʊ. 屋顶上的一个敞开的洞让壁炉里的烟冒出来,但让雨雪进来。 There was very little furniture. ðɛr wɑz ˈvɛri ˈlɪtəl ˈfərnɪʧər. 家具很少。 Most homes probably had a rough table and a few benches, made by the residents themselves. moʊst hoʊmz ˈprɑbəˌbli hæd ə rʌf ˈteɪbəl ənd ə fju ˈbɛnʧɪz, meɪd baɪ ðə ˈrɛzɪdənts ðɛmˈsɛlvz. 大多数家庭可能都有一张粗糙的桌子和几条长凳,都是居民自己制作的。 Beds were little more than sacks of straw. bɛdz wər ˈlɪtəl mɔr ðæn sæks ʌv strɔ. 床只不过是几袋稻草。 The whole family often slept together to stay warm. ðə hoʊl ˈfæməli ˈɔftən slɛpt təˈgɛðər tu steɪ wɔrm. 全家人经常睡在一起取暖。 The toilet was usually a hole in the ground outside. ðə ˈtɔɪlət wɑz ˈjuʒəwəli ə hoʊl ɪn ðə graʊnd ˈaʊtˈsaɪd. 厕所通常是外面地上的一个洞。 A barrel near the hut might collect rainwater, but more often than not, several families in the village used a common well or a nearby stream or pond to get water. ə ˈbærəl nɪr ðə hʌt maɪt kəˈlɛkt ˈreɪnˌwɔtər, bʌt mɔr ˈɔftən ðæn nɑt, ˈsɛvərəl ˈfæməliz ɪn ðə ˈvɪləʤ juzd ə ˈkɑmən wɛl ɔr ə ˈnɪrˈbaɪ strim ɔr pɑnd tu gɛt ˈwɔtər. 小屋附近的桶可能会收集雨水,但通常情况下,村里的几户人家会使用公共水井或附近的溪流或池塘取水。 There were no schools or hospitals. ðɛr wər noʊ skulz ɔr ˈhɑˌspɪtəlz. 没有学校或医院。 Almost no one could read or write. ˈɔlˌmoʊst noʊ wʌn kʊd rɛd ɔr raɪt. 几乎没有人会读或写。 The priest was usually the only educated person in the village. ðə prist wɑz ˈjuʒəwəli ðə ˈoʊnli ˈɛʤəˌkeɪtɪd ˈpərsən ɪn ðə ˈvɪləʤ. 牧师通常是村里唯一受过教育的人。 The largest building in the village or town was usually a church. ðə ˈlɑrʤəst ˈbɪldɪŋ ɪn ðə ˈvɪləʤ ɔr taʊn wɑz ˈjuʒəwəli ə ʧərʧ. 村庄或城镇中最大的建筑物通常是教堂。 Roads were often mere muddy ruts. roʊdz wər ˈɔftən mɪr ˈmʌdi rʌts. 道路往往只是泥泞的车辙。 The local lord or yeoman farmer hired villagers as dayworkers to help him build his manor house, tend his gardens and orchards, or mend his roads and walls. ðə ˈloʊkəl lɔrd ɔr ˈjoʊmən ˈfɑrmər haɪərd ˈvɪlɪʤərz æz dayworkers* tu hɛlp hɪm bɪld hɪz ˈmænər haʊs, tɛnd hɪz ˈgɑrdənz ənd ˈɔrʧərdz, ɔr mɛnd hɪz roʊdz ənd wɔlz. 当地领主或自耕农雇用村民作为日工帮助他建造庄园、照料花园和果园,或修补道路和墙壁。 Women often worked in the lord's or farmer's house. ˈwɪmən ˈɔftən wərkt ɪn ðə lɔrdz ɔr ˈfɑrmərz haʊs. 妇女经常在领主或农家工作。 They did laundry or other household chores. ðeɪ dɪd ˈlɔndri ɔr ˈʌðər ˈhaʊsˌhoʊld ʧɔrz. 他们洗衣服或做其他家务。 Children might be put in charge of herding flocks of geese or chasing crows from gardens and fields. ˈʧɪldrən maɪt bi pʊt ɪn ʧɑrʤ ʌv ˈhərdɪŋ flɑks ʌv gis ɔr ˈʧeɪsɪŋ kroʊz frʌm ˈgɑrdənz ənd fildz. 孩子们可能会负责放牧鹅群或从花园和田野中赶走乌鸦。 Poor folks took work where they could find it to earn a bit of money to pay their rent or buy something in the market. pur foʊks tʊk wərk wɛr ðeɪ kʊd faɪnd ɪt tu ərn ə bɪt ʌv ˈmʌni tu peɪ ðɛr rɛnt ɔr baɪ ˈsʌmθɪŋ ɪn ðə ˈmɑrkət. 穷人在他们能找到的地方工作,赚点钱来支付房租或在市场上买东西。 Poor people were grateful to find work. pur ˈpipəl wər ˈgreɪtfəl tu faɪnd wərk. 穷人很高兴找到工作。 What other choice did they have? wʌt ˈʌðər ʧɔɪs dɪd ðeɪ hæv? 他们还有什么选择? They could hope for a better life for their children. ðeɪ kʊd hoʊp fɔr ə ˈbɛtər laɪf fɔr ðɛr ˈʧɪldrən. 他们可以希望他们的孩子过上更好的生活。 But being born poor usually meant dying poor. bʌt biɪŋ bɔrn pur ˈjuʒəwəli mɛnt daɪɪŋ pur. 但出身贫寒通常意味着死于贫困。
Having enough food to eat and staying warm and healthy were important concerns for poor farmers and villagers. ˈhævɪŋ ɪˈnʌf fud tu it ənd steɪɪŋ wɔrm ənd ˈhɛlθi wər ˌɪmˈpɔrtənt kənˈsərnz fɔr pur ˈfɑrmərz ənd ˈvɪlɪʤərz. 吃饱饭和保暖健康是贫困农民和村民最关心的问题。 The Powerless Poor The poor typically had no say in government nor any power to change their lives in a peaceable way. ðə ˈpaʊərləs pur ðə pur ˈtɪpɪkli hæd noʊ seɪ ɪn ˈgʌvərnmənt nɔr ˈɛni paʊər tu ʧeɪnʤ ðɛr lɪvz ɪn ə ˈpisəbəl weɪ. 无权力的穷人 穷人通常在政府中没有发言权,也没有任何权力以和平方式改变他们的生活。 Protests were often put down with ruthless force. ˈproʊˌtɛsts wər ˈɔftən pʊt daʊn wɪð ˈruθləs fɔrs. 抗议活动经常被无情的武力镇压。 For most men, women, and children, life in this world may have often felt dreary and painful. fɔr moʊst mɛn, ˈwɪmən, ənd ˈʧɪldrən, laɪf ɪn ðɪs wərld meɪ hæv ˈɔftən fɛlt ˈdrɪri ənd ˈpeɪnfəl. 对于大多数男人、女人和孩子来说,在这个世界上的生活可能常常感到沉闷和痛苦。 Patience Kershaw's ancestors who lived before the Industrial Revolution and modern times did not know any other life, of course. ˈpeɪʃəns kershaw's* ˈænˌsɛstərz hu lɪvd bɪˈfɔr ðə ˌɪnˈdʌstriəl ˌrɛvəˈluʃən ənd ˈmɑdərn taɪmz dɪd nɑt noʊ ˈɛni ˈʌðər laɪf, ʌv kɔrs. Patience Kershaw 的祖先生活在工业革命和现代之前,当然不知道有任何其他生命。 They did the best they could. ðeɪ dɪd ðə bɛst ðeɪ kʊd. 他们尽力了。 Life did not seem to change much from year to year. laɪf dɪd nɑt sim tu ʧeɪnʤ mʌʧ frʌm jɪr tu jɪr. 年复一年,生活似乎没有太大变化。 But during the 1600s and 1700s, thanks to new technologies and important changes in farming, mining, and metal-making techniques, people's lives changed bʌt ˈdʊrɪŋ ðə 1600s* ənd 1700s*, θæŋks tu nu tɛkˈnɑləʤiz ənd ˌɪmˈpɔrtənt ˈʧeɪnʤəz ɪn ˈfɑrmɪŋ, ˈmaɪnɪŋ, ənd metal-making* tɛkˈniks, ˈpipəlz lɪvz ʧeɪnʤd 但在 1600 年代和 1700 年代,由于新技术以及农业、采矿和金属制造技术的重大变化,人们的生活发生了变化
Chapter 3 Moving Toward the Industrial Age New Ways of Farming If an English family living in, say, the 1300s could travel forward in time to the 1700s, they would notice that many things were still the same. ˈʧæptər 3 ˈmuvɪŋ təˈwɔrd ðə ˌɪnˈdʌstriəl eɪʤ nu weɪz ʌv ˈfɑrmɪŋ ɪf æn ˈɪŋglɪʃ ˈfæməli ˈlɪvɪŋ ɪn, seɪ, ðə 1300s* kʊd ˈtrævəl ˈfɔrwərd ɪn taɪm tu ðə 1700s*, ðeɪ wʊd ˈnoʊtəs ðæt ˈmɛni θɪŋz wər stɪl ðə seɪm. 第 3 章 迈向工业时代 新的农业方式 如果生活在 1300 年代的英国家庭能够及时回到 1700 年代,他们会发现许多事情仍然相同。 But some important changes were happening. bʌt sʌm ˌɪmˈpɔrtənt ˈʧeɪnʤəz wər ˈhæpənɪŋ. 但一些重要的变化正在发生。 Before the Industrial Revolution, most people still worked on the land, struggling to put enough food on their table to keep from starving. bɪˈfɔr ðə ˌɪnˈdʌstriəl ˌrɛvəˈluʃən, moʊst ˈpipəl stɪl wərkt ɑn ðə lænd, ˈstrʌgəlɪŋ tu pʊt ɪˈnʌf fud ɑn ðɛr ˈteɪbəl tu kip frʌm ˈstɑrvɪŋ. 在工业革命之前,大多数人仍在土地上劳作,努力将足够的食物放在餐桌上以免挨饿。 Over the years, however, inventive people discovered new and more efficient ways to do their work. ˈoʊvər ðə jɪrz, ˌhaʊˈɛvər, ˌɪnˈvɛntɪv ˈpipəl dɪˈskʌvərd nu ənd mɔr ɪˈfɪʃənt weɪz tu du ðɛr wərk. 然而,多年来,有创造力的人发现了新的、更有效的工作方式。 And foods, not known before, were brought across the Atlantic from the Americas. ənd fudz, nɑt noʊn bɪˈfɔr, wər brɔt əˈkrɔs ðə əˈtlæntɪk frʌm ðə əˈmɛrɪkəz. 以前不为人知的食物是从美洲跨大西洋运来的。 Potatoes grew well in moist, sandy English soil. pəˈteɪtoʊz gru wɛl ɪn mɔɪst, ˈsændi ˈɪŋglɪʃ sɔɪl. 马铃薯在英国潮湿的沙质土壤中生长良好。 Corn grew well, too, but most farmers thought it was only fit for farm animals! kɔrn gru wɛl, tu, bʌt moʊst ˈfɑrmərz θɔt ɪt wɑz ˈoʊnli fɪt fɔr fɑrm ˈænəməlz! 玉米也长得很好,但大多数农民认为它只适合农场动物! Most families probably never tasted chocolate; many never saw anyone smoking tobacco. moʊst ˈfæməliz ˈprɑbəˌbli ˈnɛvər ˈteɪstəd ˈʧɔklət; ˈmɛni ˈnɛvər sɔ ˈɛniˌwən sˈmoʊkɪŋ təˈbæˌkoʊ. 大多数家庭可能从未尝过巧克力;许多人从未见过有人吸烟。 These were expensive items and were only sampled by the wealthy. ðiz wər ɪkˈspɛnsɪv ˈaɪtəmz ənd wər ˈoʊnli ˈsæmpəld baɪ ðə ˈwɛlθi. 这些都是昂贵的物品,只有富人才能品尝。 Oxen, cows, horses, sheep, goats, and pigs were larger now, thanks to better feed and breeding practices. ˈɑksən, kaʊz, ˈhɔrsəz, ʃip, goʊts, ənd pɪgz wər ˈlɑrʤər naʊ, θæŋks tu ˈbɛtər fid ənd ˈbridɪŋ ˈpræktɪsɪz. 由于更好的饲料和饲养方法,牛、牛、马、绵羊、山羊和猪现在更大了。 For many families, there was meat on the table more than just once or twice a year. fɔr ˈmɛni ˈfæməliz, ðɛr wɑz mit ɑn ðə ˈteɪbəl mɔr ðæn ʤʌst wʌns ɔr twaɪs ə jɪr. 对于许多家庭来说,餐桌上的肉一年不止一两次。 Better-fed people were healthier and even noticeably taller than their ancestors. better-fed* ˈpipəl wər ˈhɛlθiər ənd ˈivɪn ˈnoʊtɪsəbli ˈtɔlər ðæn ðɛr ˈænˌsɛstərz. 吃得更好的人比他们的祖先更健康,甚至明显更高。 More sheep also meant more wool for clothing and blankets. mɔr ʃip ˈɔlsoʊ mɛnt mɔr wʊl fɔr ˈkloʊðɪŋ ənd ˈblæŋkəts. 更多的绵羊也意味着更多的羊毛用于制作衣服和毯子。 More important than the availability of new crops were the many new tools and farming techniques. mɔr ˌɪmˈpɔrtənt ðæn ðə əˌveɪləˈbɪləti ʌv nu krɑps wər ðə ˈmɛni nu tulz ənd ˈfɑrmɪŋ tɛkˈniks. 比新作物的可用性更重要的是许多新工具和耕作技术。 New plows were stronger and heavier, and had metal blades. nu plaʊz wər ˈstrɔŋgər ənd ˈhɛviər, ənd hæd ˈmɛtəl bleɪdz. 新的犁更结实、更重,而且有金属刀片。 The Big Question In what ways did Industrial Revolution impact people's lives? ðə bɪg kˈwɛsʧən ɪn wʌt weɪz dɪd ˌɪnˈdʌstriəl ˌrɛvəˈluʃən ˌɪmˈpækt ˈpipəlz lɪvz? 大问题 工业革命在哪些方面影响了人们的生活?
An improved diet meant that people were healthier and even lived longer. æn ˌɪmˈpruvd daɪət mɛnt ðæt ˈpipəl wər ˈhɛlθiər ənd ˈivɪn lɪvd ˈlɔŋgər. 改善饮食意味着人们更健康,甚至更长寿。
These plows allowed the plowman to loosen and turn over deeper, richer soil. ðiz plaʊz əˈlaʊd ðə ˈplaʊmən tu ˈlusən ənd tərn ˈoʊvər ˈdipər, ˈrɪʧər sɔɪl. 这些犁让农夫可以松开和翻动更深、更肥沃的土壤。 Seedlings had better root systems and were less likely to dry out if there was little rain. ˈsidlɪŋz hæd ˈbɛtər rut ˈsɪstəmz ənd wər lɛs ˈlaɪkli tu draɪ aʊt ɪf ðɛr wɑz ˈlɪtəl reɪn. 幼苗有更好的根系,如果雨水少,则不太可能干涸。 New methods of harnessing draft animals made better use of their strength. nu ˈmɛθədz ʌv ˈhɑrnəsɪŋ dræft ˈænəməlz meɪd ˈbɛtər jus ʌv ðɛr strɛŋkθ. 驾驭役畜的新方法更好地利用了它们的力量。 Larger oxen or horses pulled these heavier plows more efficiently. ˈlɑrʤər ˈɑksən ɔr ˈhɔrsəz pʊld ðiz ˈhɛviər plaʊz mɔr ɪˈfɪʃəntli. 更大的牛或马更有效地拉动这些更重的犁。 Agriculture was beginning to bring profits to the lords and some of the most enterprising villagers. ˈægrɪˌkəlʧər wɑz bɪˈgɪnɪŋ tu brɪŋ ˈprɑfɪts tu ðə lɔrdz ənd sʌm ʌv ðə moʊst ˈɛntərˌpraɪzɪŋ ˈvɪlɪʤərz. 农业开始为领主和一些最有进取心的村民带来利润。 Improved roads and newly dug canals made it easier for farmers to bring grain to the mill. ˌɪmˈpruvd roʊdz ənd ˈnuli dʌg kəˈnælz meɪd ɪt ˈiziər fɔr ˈfɑrmərz tu brɪŋ greɪn tu ðə mɪl. 改善的道路和新开凿的运河使农民更容易将谷物运到磨坊。 Flour was more easily brought to markets in nearby towns, too. flaʊər wɑz mɔr ˈizəli brɔt tu ˈmɑrkəts ɪn ˈnɪrˈbaɪ taʊnz, tu. 面粉也更容易被带到附近城镇的市场。 Waterwheels were improved, so mills could grind more flour. waterwheels* wər ˌɪmˈpruvd, soʊ mɪlz kʊd graɪnd mɔr flaʊər. 水车得到改进,因此磨坊可以磨出更多的面粉。 There was an enthusiasm for change, especially if it meant increased productivity and increased profit. ðɛr wɑz æn ɪnˈθuziˌæzəm fɔr ʧeɪnʤ, əˈspɛʃli ɪf ɪt mɛnt ˌɪnˈkrist ˌproʊdəkˈtɪvəti ənd ˌɪnˈkrist ˈprɑfət. 人们对变革充满热情,尤其是当变革意味着提高生产率和利润时。 Waterwheels converted the power of flowing water into a form of energy that could power machinery. waterwheels* kənˈvərtɪd ðə paʊər ʌv floʊɪŋ ˈwɔtər ˈɪntu ə fɔrm ʌv ˈɛnərʤi ðæt kʊd paʊər məˈʃinəri. 水车将流水的动力转化为一种可以为机械提供动力的能量形式。 Often mills were built beside rivers and streams for this reason. ˈɔftən mɪlz wər bɪlt bɪˈsaɪd ˈrɪvərz ənd strimz fɔr ðɪs ˈrizən. 出于这个原因,磨坊通常建在河流和溪流旁边。 Vocabulary "draft animal," (phrase) an animal used for pulling heavy loads waterwheel, n. a wheel that is turned by flowing water and used to power machinery productivity, n. the rate at which goods are made or work voʊˈkæbjəˌlɛri "dræft ˈænəməl," (freɪz) æn ˈænəməl juzd fɔr ˈpʊlɪŋ ˈhɛvi loʊdz waterwheel*, ɛn. ə wil ðæt ɪz tərnd baɪ floʊɪŋ ˈwɔtər ənd juzd tu paʊər məˈʃinəri ˌproʊdəkˈtɪvəti, ɛn. ðə reɪt æt wɪʧ gʊdz ɑr meɪd ɔr wərk 词汇“draft animal”,(词组)用于拉动重物水车的动物,n。由流水转动并用于驱动机器生产力的轮子,n。商品制造或工作的速度
The Enclosure Movement The English landscape began to change. ðə ɛnˈkloʊʒər ˈmuvmənt ðə ˈɪŋglɪʃ ˈlændˌskeɪp bɪˈgæn tu ʧeɪnʤ. 圈地运动 英国的景观开始发生变化。 Land where villagers had once in and turned into pasture for the sheep whose wool was in great demand for cloth. lænd wɛr ˈvɪlɪʤərz hæd wʌns ɪn ənd tərnd ˈɪntu ˈpæsʧər fɔr ðə ʃip huz wʊl wɑz ɪn greɪt dɪˈmænd fɔr klɔθ. 村民们曾经进入的土地变成了牧羊的牧场,羊的羊毛需求量很大。 Meadows and woods that lords and villagers had shared were also enclosed. ˈmɛˌdoʊz ənd wʊdz ðæt lɔrdz ənd ˈvɪlɪʤərz hæd ʃɛrd wər ˈɔlsoʊ ɛnˈkloʊzd. 领主和村民共享的草地和树林也被封闭起来。 Previously the land was divided into many small plots. ˈpriviəsli ðə lænd wɑz dɪˈvaɪdɪd ˈɪntu ˈmɛni smɔl plɑts. 以前土地被分成许多小地块。 By the 1600s, larger, more efficient farms were emerging. baɪ ðə 1600s*, ˈlɑrʤər, mɔr ɪˈfɪʃənt fɑrmz wər ɪˈmərʤɪŋ. 到 1600 年代,出现了更大、更高效的农场。 As this "enclosure movement" lumped together many small fields, the cost of producing crops fell. æz ðɪs "ɛnˈkloʊʒər ˈmuvmənt" lʌmpt təˈgɛðər ˈmɛni smɔl fildz, ðə kɑst ʌv prəˈdusɪŋ krɑps fɛl. 由于这种“圈地运动”将许多小田集中在一起,生产农作物的成本下降了。 Fewer farm workers were needed. fjuər fɑrm ˈwərkərz wər ˈnidəd. 需要更少的农场工人。 With bigger harvests and lower costs, the larger landlords reaped more profits and grew wealthier. wɪð ˈbɪgər ˈhɑrvəsts ənd loʊər kɑsts, ðə ˈlɑrʤər ˈlænˌdlɔrdz ript mɔr ˈprɑfɪts ənd gru ˈwɛlθiər. 随着收成的增加和成本的降低,大地主获得了更多的利润并变得更加富有。 But many villagers found themselves without work. bʌt ˈmɛni ˈvɪlɪʤərz faʊnd ðɛmˈsɛlvz wɪˈθaʊt wərk. 但许多村民发现自己没有工作。 Some hired themselves out as day laborers. sʌm haɪərd ðɛmˈsɛlvz aʊt æz deɪ ˈleɪbərərz. 有些人将自己雇为临时工。 Many rural families scraped together a modest living by doing weaving in their cottages. ˈmɛni ˈrʊrəl ˈfæməliz skreɪpt təˈgɛðər ə ˈmɑdəst ˈlɪvɪŋ baɪ duɪŋ ˈwivɪŋ ɪn ðɛr ˈkɑtɪʤɪz. 许多农村家庭靠在村舍里织布勉强糊口。 Desperate for work, hundreds of thousands of villagers had to leave the countryside, flocking to cities, to nearby mines, or to the American colonies. ˈdɛsprɪt fɔr wərk, ˈhʌndrədz ʌv ˈθaʊzəndz ʌv ˈvɪlɪʤərz hæd tu liv ðə ˈkʌntriˌsaɪd, ˈflɑkɪŋ tu ˈsɪtiz, tu ˈnɪrˈbaɪ maɪnz, ɔr tu ðə əˈmɛrɪkən ˈkɑləniz. 为了工作,成千上万的村民不得不离开农村,涌向城市、附近的矿山或美洲殖民地。 Eventually, these displaced people, and certainly their descendants, would become a large part of the labor force as the Industrial Age took hold. ɪˈvɛnʧəwəli, ðiz dɪˈspleɪst ˈpipəl, ənd ˈsərtənli ðɛr dɪˈsɛndənts, wʊd bɪˈkʌm ə lɑrʤ pɑrt ʌv ðə ˈleɪbər fɔrs æz ðə ˌɪnˈdʌstriəl eɪʤ tʊk hoʊld. 最终,随着工业时代的到来,这些流离失所的人,当然还有他们的后代,将成为劳动力的一大部分。 New Ways of Mining and Making Metal Tools By 1700, timber and firewood were scarce in England, and coal became an important source of energy. nu weɪz ʌv ˈmaɪnɪŋ ənd ˈmeɪkɪŋ ˈmɛtəl tulz baɪ 1700 ˈtɪmbər ənd ˈfaɪərˌwʊd wər skɛrs ɪn ˈɪŋglənd, ənd koʊl bɪˈkeɪm æn ˌɪmˈpɔrtənt sɔrs ʌv ˈɛnərʤi. 采矿和制造金属工具的新方法 到 1700 年,英格兰的木材和木柴稀缺,煤炭成为重要的能源。 Coal could burn hot enough to soften iron. koʊl kʊd bərn hɑt ɪˈnʌf tu ˈsɑfən aɪərn. 煤可以燃烧得足够热以软化铁。 Iron was used to make new, stronger farm tools. aɪərn wɑz juzd tu meɪk nu, ˈstrɔŋgər fɑrm tulz. 铁被用来制造新的、更坚固的农具。 It could also be used for strong bridges, and for machinery that would help dig canals and deepen harbors. ɪt kʊd ˈɔlsoʊ bi juzd fɔr strɔŋ ˈbrɪʤəz, ənd fɔr məˈʃinəri ðæt wʊd hɛlp dɪg kəˈnælz ənd ˈdipən ˈhɑrbərz. 它还可以用于坚固的桥梁,以及有助于挖掘运河和加深港口的机械。 Many wealthy English landowners began investing some of their profits in coal and iron mines. ˈmɛni ˈwɛlθi ˈɪŋglɪʃ ˈlænˌdoʊnərz bɪˈgæn ˌɪnˈvɛstɪŋ sʌm ʌv ðɛr ˈprɑfɪts ɪn koʊl ənd aɪərn maɪnz. 许多富有的英国地主开始将部分利润投资于煤矿和铁矿。 Soon, the easy-to-mine coal and iron deposits that were close to the surface of the ground were used up. sun, ðə easy-to-mine* koʊl ənd aɪərn dəˈpɑzɪts ðæt wər kloʊs tu ðə ˈsərfəs ʌv ðə graʊnd wər juzd ʌp. 很快,靠近地表的易于开采的煤矿和铁矿就被消耗殆尽。 Miners dug shafts down underground to follow the minerals wherever they could. ˈmaɪnərz dʌg ʃæfts daʊn ˈʌndərˌgraʊnd tu ˈfɑloʊ ðə ˈmɪnərəlz wɛˈrɛvər ðeɪ kʊd. 矿工们在地下挖竖井,尽可能地追踪矿物。 Quite often, these mines flooded with groundwater. kwaɪt ˈɔftən, ðiz maɪnz ˈflʌdəd wɪð ˈgraʊndˌwɑtər. 这些矿山经常被地下水淹没。 Vocabulary shaft, n. a deep, narrow tunnel that gives access to a mine voʊˈkæbjəˌlɛri ʃæft, ɛn. ə dip, ˈnɛroʊ ˈtʌnəl ðæt gɪvz ˈækˌsɛs tu ə maɪn 词汇轴,n。通往矿井的又深又窄的隧道
Working underground in the mines was dangerous enough. ˈwərkɪŋ ˈʌndərˌgraʊnd ɪn ðə maɪnz wɑz ˈdeɪnʤərəs ɪˈnʌf. 在矿井的地下工作已经够危险了。 But no one could work in a flooded mine. bʌt noʊ wʌn kʊd wərk ɪn ə ˈflʌdəd maɪn. 但是没有人可以在被水淹没的矿井中工作。 Something needed to be done to pump out the water. ˈsʌmθɪŋ ˈnidəd tu bi dʌn tu pʌmp aʊt ðə ˈwɔtər. 需要做些什么来抽水。 The power of steam was known to the ancient Greeks and Romans. ðə paʊər ʌv stim wɑz noʊn tu ðə ˈeɪnʧənt griks ənd ˈroʊmənz. 古希腊人和罗马人都知道蒸汽的力量。 They knew that when boiling water was confined in a sealed pot the steam was allowed to escape through a hole or a small tube, it produced a great force. ðeɪ nu ðæt wɛn ˈbɔɪlɪŋ ˈwɔtər wɑz kənˈfaɪnd ɪn ə sild pɑt ðə stim wɑz əˈlaʊd tu ɪˈskeɪp θru ə hoʊl ɔr ə smɔl tub, ɪt prəˈdust ə greɪt fɔrs. 他们知道,当沸水被限制在一个密封的锅中时,蒸汽可以通过一个孔或一个小管子逸出,它会产生巨大的力量。 This is the principle behind a steam engine. ðɪs ɪz ðə ˈprɪnsəpəl bɪˈhaɪnd ə stim ˈɛnʤən. 这就是蒸汽机背后的原理。 By the early 1700s, several people began to devise steam pumps powered by coal fires. baɪ ðə ˈərli 1700s*, ˈsɛvərəl ˈpipəl bɪˈgæn tu dɪˈvaɪz stim pʌmps paʊərd baɪ koʊl faɪərz. 到 1700 年代初,一些人开始设计以煤火为动力的蒸汽泵。 The early steam pumps were not very efficient. ðə ˈərli stim pʌmps wər nɑt ˈvɛri ɪˈfɪʃənt. 早期的蒸汽泵效率不高。 They were slow and too large to move around easily. ðeɪ wər sloʊ ənd tu lɑrʤ tu muv əraʊnd ˈizəli. 它们行动缓慢,而且体型太大,无法轻易移动。 Then, an observant and resourceful Scotsman named James Watt decided to improve on existing engines. ðɛn, æn əbˈzərvənt ənd riˈsɔrsfəl ˈskɑtsmən neɪmd ʤeɪmz wɑt ˌdɪˈsaɪdɪd tu ˌɪmˈpruv ɑn ɪgˈzɪstɪŋ ˈɛnʤənz. 然后,一位名叫詹姆斯瓦特的善于观察且足智多谋的苏格兰人决定改进现有的引擎。 The steam engine that Watt built in 1768 was smaller, more powerful, and more moveable than older engines. ðə stim ˈɛnʤən ðæt wɑt bɪlt ɪn 1768 wɑz sˈmɔlər, mɔr ˈpaʊərfəl, ənd mɔr moveable* ðæn ˈoʊldər ˈɛnʤənz. 瓦特于 1768 年制造的蒸汽机比旧式发动机更小、更强大且更易移动。 It was useful for pumping water out of mines. ɪt wɑz ˈjusfəl fɔr ˈpʌmpɪŋ ˈwɔtər aʊt ʌv maɪnz. 它对于从矿井中抽水很有用。 With improvements, by the 1780s Watt's engine also could run other machines through a system of gears, pulleys, The steam engine pumped water out of coal mines making it easier, safer, and quicker to dig for coal. wɪð ˌɪmˈpruvmənts, baɪ ðə 1780s* wɑts ˈɛnʤən ˈɔlsoʊ kʊd rʌn ˈʌðər məˈʃinz θru ə ˈsɪstəm ʌv gɪrz, ˈpʊliz, ðə stim ˈɛnʤən pʌmpt ˈwɔtər aʊt ʌv koʊl maɪnz ˈmeɪkɪŋ ɪt ˈiziər, ˈseɪfər, ənd kˈwɪkər tu dɪg fɔr koʊl. 随着改进,到 1780 年代,瓦特的发动机还可以通过齿轮、滑轮系统驱动其他机器,蒸汽机将水从煤矿中抽出,使挖掘煤炭变得更容易、更安全、更快捷。
Eventually, even smaller and more powerful steam engines would pull carts or Robert Fulton improved on earlier versions of a steam engine to drive a boat. ɪˈvɛnʧəwəli, ˈivɪn sˈmɔlər ənd mɔr ˈpaʊərfəl stim ˈɛnʤənz wʊd pʊl kɑrts ɔr ˈrɑbərt ˈfʊltən ˌɪmˈpruvd ɑn ˈərliər ˈvərʒənz ʌv ə stim ˈɛnʤən tu draɪv ə boʊt. 最终,更小、更强大的蒸汽机可以拉动手推车,或者罗伯特·富尔顿 (Robert Fulton) 改进了早期版本的蒸汽机来驱动船只。 In 1807, his Clermont steamed up the Hudson River from New York City to Albany. ɪn 1807 hɪz ˈklɛrˌmɑnt stimd ʌp ðə ˈhʌdsən ˈrɪvər frʌm nu jɔrk ˈsɪti tu ˈɔlbəni. 1807 年,他的克莱蒙 (Clermont) 沿着哈德逊河 (Hudson River) 从纽约市驶向奥尔巴尼 (Albany)。 Other inventors adapted steam engines to machines that harvested wheat, spun thread, wove cloth, or lifted heavy hammers to forge iron. ˈʌðər ˌɪnˈvɛntərz əˈdæptɪd stim ˈɛnʤənz tu məˈʃinz ðæt ˈhɑrvəstɪd wit, spʌn θrɛd, woʊv klɔθ, ɔr ˈlɪftəd ˈhɛvi ˈhæmərz tu fɔrʤ aɪərn. 其他发明家将蒸汽机改造为收割小麦、纺线、织布或举重锤锻铁的机器。 Inventions and improvements could not be kept in one country. ˌɪnˈvɛnʃənz ənd ˌɪmˈpruvmənts kʊd nɑt bi kɛpt ɪn wʌn ˈkʌntri. 发明和改进不可能只留在一个国家。 Anyone determined and clever enough could try their hand. ˈɛniˌwən dɪˈtərmənd ənd ˈklɛvər ɪˈnʌf kʊd traɪ ðɛr hænd. 任何有决心和足够聪明的人都可以尝试一下。 There was some luck inventor. ðɛr wɑz sʌm lʌk ˌɪnˈvɛntər. 有一些幸运的发明家。 The Industrial Revolution may have begun slowly, with improvements in growing crops. ðə ˌɪnˈdʌstriəl ˌrɛvəˈluʃən meɪ hæv bɪˈgʌn sˈloʊli, wɪð ˌɪmˈpruvmənts ɪn groʊɪŋ krɑps. 工业革命可能是缓慢开始的,随着农作物种植的改进。 It really took off, however, when glowing coal melted iron ore or converted water to steam. ɪt ˈrɪli tʊk ɔf, ˌhaʊˈɛvər, wɛn gloʊɪŋ koʊl ˈmɛltəd aɪərn ɔr ɔr kənˈvərtɪd ˈwɔtər tu stim. 然而,当炽热的煤熔化铁矿石或将水转化为蒸汽时,它才真正起飞。 With the production of iron, there were railroads and ships, bridges and barges, looms and machines of all kinds clanking and whirring, doing the work that once had been done by people and animals. wɪð ðə prəˈdʌkʃən ʌv aɪərn, ðɛr wər ˈreɪˌlroʊdz ənd ʃɪps, ˈbrɪʤəz ənd ˈbɑrʤəz, lumz ənd məˈʃinz ʌv ɔl kaɪndz ˈklæŋkɪŋ ənd wərɪŋ, duɪŋ ðə wərk ðæt wʌns hæd bɪn dʌn baɪ ˈpipəl ənd ˈænəməlz. 随着钢铁的生产,出现了铁路和轮船、桥梁和驳船、织布机和各种机器,发出叮当声和呼呼声,从事着曾经由人和动物完成的工作。 It was a new Modern times had begun. ɪt wɑz ə nu ˈmɑdərn taɪmz hæd bɪˈgʌn. 这是一个新的现代时代开始了。 Almost every aspect of daily life was affected by the advancement of steam power. ˈɔlˌmoʊst ˈɛvəri ˈæˌspɛkt ʌv ˈdeɪli laɪf wɑz əˈfɛktɪd baɪ ðə ədˈvænsmənt ʌv stim paʊər. 蒸汽动力的进步几乎影响了日常生活的方方面面。 The fact that people could travel more easily, transport goods longer distances, and take advantage of new employment people lived. ðə fækt ðæt ˈpipəl kʊd ˈtrævəl mɔr ˈizəli, trænˈspɔrt gʊdz ˈlɔŋgər ˈdɪstənsəz, ənd teɪk ædˈvæntɪʤ ʌv nu ɛmˈplɔɪmənt ˈpipəl lɪvd. 事实上,人们可以更轻松地出行,将货物运输到更远的距离,并利用人们生活的新就业机会。
Chapter 4 From Farms to Factories and Cities Modern Urban Culture Today, we take big cities for granted. ˈʧæptər 4 frʌm fɑrmz tu ˈfæktəriz ənd ˈsɪtiz ˈmɑdərn ˈərbən ˈkʌlʧər təˈdeɪ, wi teɪk bɪg ˈsɪtiz fɔr ˈgræntəd. 第四章从农场到工厂再到城市现代都市文化今天,我们对大城市习以为常。 Even if we don't live in one, we know what they are like. ˈivɪn ɪf wi doʊnt laɪv ɪn wʌn, wi noʊ wʌt ðeɪ ɑr laɪk. 即使我们不住在其中,我们也知道它们是什么样的。 Millions of people live in cities. ˈmɪljənz ʌv ˈpipəl laɪv ɪn ˈsɪtiz. 数百万人居住在城市。 There are busy streets filled with traffic and noise almost all the time. ðɛr ɑr ˈbɪzi strits fɪld wɪð ˈtræfɪk ənd nɔɪz ˈɔlˌmoʊst ɔl ðə taɪm. 几乎所有时间都有繁忙的街道充满交通和噪音。 There are shops, stores, restaurants, and theaters buildings. ðɛr ɑr ʃɑps, stɔrz, ˈrɛstərˌɑnts, ənd ˈθiətərz ˈbɪldɪŋz. 有商店,商店,餐馆和剧院大楼。 And in some cities there are factories, too! ənd ɪn sʌm ˈsɪtiz ðɛr ɑr ˈfæktəriz, tu! 在一些城市也有工厂! But about three hundred years ago, there were very few big cities. bʌt əˈbaʊt θri ˈhʌndrəd jɪrz əˈgoʊ, ðɛr wər ˈvɛri fju bɪg ˈsɪtiz. 但大约三百年前,大城市很少。 So what led to the fairly rapid rise of the modern city? soʊ wʌt lɛd tu ðə ˈfɛrli ˈræpəd raɪz ʌv ðə ˈmɑdərn ˈsɪti? 那么,是什么导致了现代城市的迅速崛起呢? The Big Question What developments in the manufacturing migration to industrial towns ðə bɪg kˈwɛsʧən wʌt dɪˈvɛləpmənts ɪn ðə ˌmænjəˈfækʧərɪŋ maɪˈgreɪʃən tu ˌɪnˈdʌstriəl taʊnz 大问题 制造业向工业城镇迁移有何发展
Three or four hundred years ago, most people could not have imagined a city like New York City. θri ɔr fɔr ˈhʌndrəd jɪrz əˈgoʊ, moʊst ˈpipəl kʊd nɑt hæv ˌɪˈmæʤənd ə ˈsɪti laɪk nu jɔrk ˈsɪti. 三四百年前,大多数人无法想象纽约市这样的城市。
More People Than Ever Before Between 1100 and 1300, Europe's population grew. mɔr ˈpipəl ðæn ˈɛvər bɪˈfɔr bɪtˈwin 1100 ənd 1300 ˈjʊrəps ˌpɑpjəˈleɪʃən gru. 比以往任何时候都多的人 1100 年到 1300 年之间,欧洲人口增长。 Then, over the next two hundred years, it seems to have declined. ðɛn, ˈoʊvər ðə nɛkst tu ˈhʌndrəd jɪrz, ɪt simz tu hæv dɪˈklaɪnd. 然后,在接下来的 200 年里,它似乎已经衰落了。 Although many people were born, more were dying. ˌɔlˈðoʊ ˈmɛni ˈpipəl wər bɔrn, mɔr wər daɪɪŋ. 虽然有很多人出生,但更多的人正在死去。 Warfare, shortages of food, and disease were facts of life. ˈwɔrˌfɛr, ˈʃɔrtəʤəz ʌv fud, ənd dɪˈziz wər fækts ʌv laɪf. 战争、食物短缺和疾病是生活中的现实。 During the plagues of the 1300s, as many as one third of all Europeans may have died. ˈdʊrɪŋ ðə pleɪgz ʌv ðə 1300s*, æz ˈmɛni æz wʌn θərd ʌv ɔl ˌjʊrəˈpiənz meɪ hæv daɪd. 在 1300 年代的瘟疫期间,可能有多达三分之一的欧洲人死亡。 After 1500, however, the population at times unevenly due to wars and outbreaks of diseases. ˈæftər 1500 ˌhaʊˈɛvər, ðə ˌpɑpjəˈleɪʃən æt taɪmz əˈnivənli du tu wɔrz ənd ˈaʊtˌbreɪks ʌv dɪˈzizəz. 然而,1500 年后,由于战争和疾病爆发,人口有时会出现不平衡。 We cannot be sure why, but it probably had to do with improved farming methods and more food. wi ˈkænɑt bi ʃʊr waɪ, bʌt ɪt ˈprɑbəˌbli hæd tu du wɪð ˌɪmˈpruvd ˈfɑrmɪŋ ˈmɛθədz ənd mɔr fud. 我们不能确定为什么,但这可能与改良的耕作方法和更多的食物有关。 It also might have been because those who lived through the plague years developed some resistance to disease. ɪt ˈɔlsoʊ maɪt hæv bɪn bɪˈkɔz ðoʊz hu lɪvd θru ðə pleɪg jɪrz dɪˈvɛləpt sʌm rɪˈzɪstəns tu dɪˈziz. 也可能是因为那些经历过瘟疫岁月的人对疾病产生了一定的抵抗力。 And it might have been due to improved hygiene, or ways of keeping healthy and preventing disease. ənd ɪt maɪt hæv bɪn du tu ˌɪmˈpruvd ˈhaɪˌʤin, ɔr weɪz ʌv ˈkipɪŋ ˈhɛlθi ənd prɪˈvɛntɪŋ dɪˈziz. 这可能是由于卫生状况改善,或保持健康和预防疾病的方法。 Then, around 1700, Europe entered a phase of more rapid population growth. ðɛn, əraʊnd 1700 ˈjʊrəp ˈɛntərd ə feɪz ʌv mɔr ˈræpəd ˌpɑpjəˈleɪʃən groʊθ. 然后,大约在 1700 年,欧洲进入了一个人口快速增长的阶段。 For example, over the next hundred years, Great Britain increased its population from grew at about the same pace. fɔr ɪgˈzæmpəl, ˈoʊvər ðə nɛkst ˈhʌndrəd jɪrz, greɪt ˈbrɪtən ˌɪnˈkrist ɪts ˌpɑpjəˈleɪʃən frʌm gru æt əˈbaʊt ðə seɪm peɪs. 例如,在接下来的一百年里,英国的人口增长速度大致相同。 Other European populations increased between 60 and 80 percent. ˈʌðər ˌjʊrəˈpiən ˌpɑpjəˈleɪʃənz ˌɪnˈkrist bɪtˈwin 60 ənd 80 pərˈsɛnt. 其他欧洲人口增加了 60% 到 80%。 In the 1700s, more and more people moved to towns and cities in search of jobs. ɪn ðə 1700s*, mɔr ənd mɔr ˈpipəl muvd tu taʊnz ənd ˈsɪtiz ɪn sərʧ ʌv ʤɑbz. 在 1700 年代,越来越多的人搬到城镇寻找工作。 The towns and cities became crowded, and at times, unhealthy places to live. ðə taʊnz ənd ˈsɪtiz bɪˈkeɪm ˈkraʊdəd, ənd æt taɪmz, ənˈhɛlθi ˈpleɪsəz tu laɪv. 城镇变得拥挤,有时甚至成为不健康的居住地。 Vocabulary plague, n. a highly contagious, usually fatal, disease that affects large numbers of people voʊˈkæbjəˌlɛri pleɪg, ɛn. ə ˈhaɪli kənˈteɪʤəs, ˈjuʒəwəli ˈfeɪtəl, dɪˈziz ðæt əˈfɛkts lɑrʤ ˈnʌmbərz ʌv ˈpipəl 词汇瘟疫,n。一种传染性极强的、通常是致命的、影响大量人群的疾病
Europeans living in North America increased even more dramatically: from an estimated 275,000 in 1700 to nearly four million in 1790. ˌjʊrəˈpiənz ˈlɪvɪŋ ɪn nɔrθ əˈmɛrɪkə ˌɪnˈkrist ˈivɪn mɔr drəˈmætɪkli: frʌm æn ˈɛstəˌmeɪtəd 275,000* ɪn 1700 tu ˈnɪrli fɔr ˈmɪljən ɪn 1790 居住在北美的欧洲人数量增长更为显着:从 1700 年的估计 275,000 人增加到 1790 年的近 400 万。 Native Americans, however, tragically continued to decline in numbers, due to warfare and exposure to diseases brought across the Atlantic Ocean by Europeans. ˈneɪtɪv əˈmɛrɪkənz, ˌhaʊˈɛvər, ˈtræʤɪkli kənˈtɪnjud tu dɪˈklaɪn ɪn ˈnʌmbərz, du tu ˈwɔrˌfɛr ənd ɪkˈspoʊʒər tu dɪˈzizəz brɔt əˈkrɔs ðə əˈtlæntɪk ˈoʊʃən baɪ ˌjʊrəˈpiənz. 然而,由于战争和欧洲人跨越大西洋带来的疾病,美洲原住民的数量不幸继续下降。 We don't know exactly why the population of Europe began to grow quite so rapidly in the early 1700s. wi doʊnt noʊ ɪgˈzæktli waɪ ðə ˌpɑpjəˈleɪʃən ʌv ˈjʊrəp bɪˈgæn tu groʊ kwaɪt soʊ ˈræpədli ɪn ðə ˈərli 1700s*. 我们不知道为什么欧洲人口在 1700 年代初期开始如此迅速地增长。 Whatever the causes may have been, at the same time, there were fewer jobs and therefore less work in the countryside. ˌwəˈtɛvər ðə ˈkɑzəz meɪ hæv bɪn, æt ðə seɪm taɪm, ðɛr wər fjuər ʤɑbz ənd ˈðɛrˌfɔr lɛs wərk ɪn ðə ˈkʌntriˌsaɪd. 不管是什么原因,与此同时,工作岗位减少了,因此农村的工作也减少了。 As agriculture became mechanized and more efficient, fewer people were needed for farming. æz ˈægrɪˌkəlʧər bɪˈkeɪm ˈmɛkəˌnaɪzd ənd mɔr ɪˈfɪʃənt, fjuər ˈpipəl wər ˈnidəd fɔr ˈfɑrmɪŋ. 随着农业变得机械化和更有效率,农业需要的人越来越少。 The combination of more people and less need for farm workers drove many people out of the villages and into the cities. ðə ˌkɑmbəˈneɪʃən ʌv mɔr ˈpipəl ənd lɛs nid fɔr fɑrm ˈwərkərz droʊv ˈmɛni ˈpipəl aʊt ʌv ðə ˈvɪləʤɪz ənd ˈɪntu ðə ˈsɪtiz. 人口增多和对农业工人的需求减少相结合,迫使许多人离开村庄进入城市。 This massive migration from villages to cities is one of the most important historical events of the last millennium. ðɪs ˈmæsɪv maɪˈgreɪʃən frʌm ˈvɪləʤɪz tu ˈsɪtiz ɪz wʌn ʌv ðə moʊst ˌɪmˈpɔrtənt hɪˈstɔrɪkəl ɪˈvɛnts ʌv ðə læst məˈlɛniəm. 这种从农村到城市的大规模迁移是上个千年最重要的历史事件之一。 It accounts for the growth of the modern industrial city. ɪt əˈkaʊnts fɔr ðə groʊθ ʌv ðə ˈmɑdərn ˌɪnˈdʌstriəl ˈsɪti. 它占现代工业城市的增长。 It Started in England Back in the year 1700, Patience Kershaw's great-great-great-grandfather might have gone from his village into the town of Manchester once or twice a year. ɪt ˈstɑrtəd ɪn ˈɪŋglənd bæk ɪn ðə jɪr 1700 ˈpeɪʃəns kershaw's* great-great-great-grandfather* maɪt hæv gɔn frʌm hɪz ˈvɪləʤ ˈɪntu ðə taʊn ʌv ˈmænˌʧɛstər wʌns ɔr twaɪs ə jɪr. 它始于英格兰 早在 1700 年,Patience Kershaw 的曾曾曾曾祖父可能每年从他的村庄前往曼彻斯特镇一两次。 At the market, he could trade one of his pigs for a woolen blanket or maybe an iron pot. æt ðə ˈmɑrkət, hi kʊd treɪd wʌn ʌv hɪz pɪgz fɔr ə ˈwʊlən ˈblæŋkət ɔr ˈmeɪbi æn aɪərn pɑt. 在市场上,他可以用他的一头猪换一条羊毛毯或一个铁锅。 At that time, Manchester was a rather large town, with about ten thousand inhabitants. æt ðæt taɪm, ˈmænˌʧɛstər wɑz ə ˈræðər lɑrʤ taʊn, wɪð əˈbaʊt tɛn ˈθaʊzənd ˌɪnˈhæbɪtənts. 当时,曼彻斯特是一个相当大的城镇,大约有一万居民。 Just 150 years later, around the time Patience was The city had grown wildly, absorbing nearby villages and towns. ʤʌst 150 jɪrz ˈleɪtər, əraʊnd ðə taɪm ˈpeɪʃəns wɑz ðə ˈsɪti hæd groʊn ˈwaɪldli, əbˈzɔrbɪŋ ˈnɪrˈbaɪ ˈvɪləʤɪz ənd taʊnz. 仅仅 150 年后,大约在帕辛斯 (Patience) 的时代,这座城市疯狂地发展,吸收了附近的村庄和城镇。 It had become a hub of factories and commercial activities. ɪt hæd bɪˈkʌm ə hʌb ʌv ˈfæktəriz ənd kəˈmərʃəl ækˈtɪvɪtiz. 它已成为工厂和商业活动的中心。 Barges on a canal brought coal and iron to the city. ˈbɑrʤəz ɑn ə kəˈnæl brɔt koʊl ənd aɪərn tu ðə ˈsɪti. 运河上的驳船将煤和铁运到这座城市。 In 1830, a railway linked it with Liverpool, one of the busiest harbors on England's Atlantic coast. ɪn 1830 ə ˈreɪlˌweɪ lɪŋkt ɪt wɪð ˈlɪvərˌpul, wʌn ʌv ðə ˈbɪziəst ˈhɑrbərz ɑn ˈɪŋgləndz əˈtlæntɪk koʊst. 1830 年,一条铁路将它与英格兰大西洋沿岸最繁忙的港口之一利物浦连接起来。 From there, ships took Manchester's cloth to markets all around the world. frʌm ðɛr, ʃɪps tʊk manchester's* klɔθ tu ˈmɑrkəts ɔl əraʊnd ðə wərld. 从那里,船只将曼彻斯特的布料运往世界各地的市场。 Vocabulary migration, n. the act of moving from one barge, n. a boat with a flat bottom, usually used for carrying goods voʊˈkæbjəˌlɛri maɪˈgreɪʃən, ɛn. ðə ækt ʌv ˈmuvɪŋ frʌm wʌn bɑrʤ, ɛn. ə boʊt wɪð ə flæt ˈbɑtəm, ˈjuʒəwəli juzd fɔr ˈkæriɪŋ gʊdz 词汇迁移,n。从一艘驳船上移动的行为,n。平底船,通常用于载货
Changes in Cloth Manchester was actually first known as a place where fine woolen cloth was woven. ˈʧeɪnʤəz ɪn klɔθ ˈmænˌʧɛstər wɑz ˈæˌkʧuəli fərst noʊn æz ə pleɪs wɛr faɪn ˈwʊlən klɔθ wɑz ˈwoʊvən. 布料的变化 曼彻斯特实际上最初是作为编织精美羊毛布料的地方而闻名的。 Later, it became the production center for a (/fus*chun/). ˈleɪtər, ɪt bɪˈkeɪm ðə prəˈdʌkʃən ˈsɛntər fɔr ə (/fus*chun*/). 后来,它成为了一个(/fus*chun/)的生产中心。 Fustian was a blend of linen and cotton or wool. fustian* wɑz ə blɛnd ʌv ˈlɪnən ənd ˈkɑtən ɔr wʊl. Fustian 是亚麻和棉花或羊毛的混合物。 Fustian was sturdy and did not shrink as much as wool when it was Traditionally, women were hired to spin wool or cotton to produce yarn or homes, the production of cloth was known as a cottage industry. fustian* wɑz ˈstərdi ənd dɪd nɑt ʃrɪŋk æz mʌʧ æz wʊl wɛn ɪt wɑz trəˈdɪʃənəli, ˈwɪmən wər haɪərd tu spɪn wʊl ɔr ˈkɑtən tu prəˈdus jɑrn ɔr hoʊmz, ðə prəˈdʌkʃən ʌv klɔθ wɑz noʊn æz ə ˈkɑtəʤ ˈɪndəstri. Fustian 结实,不像羊毛那样缩水。 The Spinning Jenny for other places, too. ðə ˈspɪnɪŋ ˈʤɛni fɔr ˈʌðər ˈpleɪsəz, tu. 珍妮纺纱机也适用于其他地方。 In the 1730s, John Kay invented the flying shuttle, which doubled the amount of cotton cloth that could be woven in any given day. ɪn ðə 1730s*, ʤɑn keɪ ˌɪnˈvɛntəd ðə flaɪɪŋ ˈʃʌtəl, wɪʧ ˈdʌbəld ðə əˈmaʊnt ʌv ˈkɑtən klɔθ ðæt kʊd bi ˈwoʊvən ɪn ˈɛni ˈgɪvən deɪ. 在 1730 年代,约翰凯发明了飞梭,它使在任何一天可以织造的棉布数量翻了一番。 The problem now was producing enough thread to keep up with the weavers. ðə ˈprɑbləm naʊ wɑz prəˈdusɪŋ ɪˈnʌf θrɛd tu kip ʌp wɪð ðə ˈwivərz. 现在的问题是生产足够的线来跟上织工的步伐。 This led to the invention of a machine known as a spinning jenny by James Hargreaves. ðɪs lɛd tu ðə ˌɪnˈvɛnʃən ʌv ə məˈʃin noʊn æz ə ˈspɪnɪŋ ˈʤɛni baɪ ʤeɪmz ˈhɑrˌgrivz. 这导致詹姆斯·哈格里夫斯发明了一种被称为珍妮纺纱机的机器。 Instead of one thread at a time, a jenny could spin several at once. ˌɪnˈstɛd ʌv wʌn θrɛd æt ə taɪm, ə ˈʤɛni kʊd spɪn ˈsɛvərəl æt wʌns. 珍妮一次可以纺几根线,而不是一次纺一根线。 However, this machine-spun thread was weak and often broke, making weaving a difficult process. ˌhaʊˈɛvər, ðɪs machine-spun* θrɛd wɑz wik ənd ˈɔftən broʊk, ˈmeɪkɪŋ ˈwivɪŋ ə ˈdɪfəkəlt ˈprɑˌsɛs. 然而,这种机纺线很脆弱,经常断线,使编织成为一个困难的过程。 In the pre-industrial era, women often spun wool into James Hargreaves's spinning jenny ɪn ðə pre-industrial* ˈɛrə, ˈwɪmən ˈɔftən spʌn wʊl ˈɪntu ʤeɪmz hargreaves's* ˈspɪnɪŋ ˈʤɛni 在前工业时代,女性经常将羊毛纺成 James Hargreaves 的 spinning jenny
The mule dramatically increased the production of thread. ðə mjul drəˈmætɪkli ˌɪnˈkrist ðə prəˈdʌkʃən ʌv θrɛd. 骡子大大增加了线的产量。 The cloth industry moved out of people's homes and into factories. ðə klɔθ ˈɪndəstri muvd aʊt ʌv ˈpipəlz hoʊmz ənd ˈɪntu ˈfæktəriz. 布业走出了人们的家,走进了工厂。 Now the challenge was to produce enough cotton to send to the factories. naʊ ðə ˈʧælənʤ wɑz tu prəˈdus ɪˈnʌf ˈkɑtən tu sɛnd tu ðə ˈfæktəriz. 现在的挑战是生产足够的棉花送到工厂。 Then, in 1769, Richard Arkwright invented the water frame. ðɛn, ɪn 1769 ˈrɪʧərd ˈɑrˌkraɪt ˌɪnˈvɛntəd ðə ˈwɔtər freɪm. 然后,在 1769 年,理查德·阿克莱特 (Richard Arkwright) 发明了水框架。 It used water power at first, then steam, to drive rollers that stretched the thread before spinning it. ɪt juzd ˈwɔtər paʊər æt fərst, ðɛn stim, tu draɪv ˈroʊlərz ðæt strɛʧt ðə θrɛd bɪˈfɔr ˈspɪnɪŋ ɪt. 它首先使用水力,然后使用蒸汽来驱动滚筒,在纺纱之前拉伸线。 This strengthened thread produced a tightly woven all-cotton fabric. ðɪs ˈstrɛŋθənd θrɛd prəˈdust ə ˈtaɪtli ˈwoʊvən all-cotton* ˈfæbrɪk. 这种强化线生产出紧密编织的全棉织物。 Problem solved! ˈprɑbləm sɑlvd! 问题解决了! By the end of 1700s, Samuel Crompton combined the jenny and the water frame into one large steam-driven machine, called a mule. baɪ ðə ɛnd ʌv 1700s*, ˈsæmjul ˈkrɑmptən kəmˈbaɪnd ðə ˈʤɛni ənd ðə ˈwɔtər freɪm ˈɪntu wʌn lɑrʤ steam-driven* məˈʃin, kɔld ə mjul. 到 1700 年代末,塞缪尔·克朗普顿 (Samuel Crompton) 将珍妮和水力框架组合成一台大型蒸汽驱动机器,称为骡子。 This increased thread production by ten times. ðɪs ˌɪnˈkrist θrɛd prəˈdʌkʃən baɪ tɛn taɪmz. 这使螺纹产量增加了十倍。 Larger and larger mules were built in special buildings, called factories. ˈlɑrʤər ənd ˈlɑrʤər mjulz wər bɪlt ɪn ˈspɛʃəl ˈbɪldɪŋz, kɔld ˈfæktəriz. 越来越大的骡子建在特殊的建筑物中,称为工厂。 Cotton had also largely replaced wool. ˈkɑtən hæd ˈɔlsoʊ ˈlɑrʤli ˌriˈpleɪst wʊl. 棉花也在很大程度上取代了羊毛。 The problem now was growing enough cotton to keep up with the manufacturing process. ðə ˈprɑbləm naʊ wɑz groʊɪŋ ɪˈnʌf ˈkɑtən tu kip ʌp wɪð ðə ˌmænjəˈfækʧərɪŋ ˈprɑˌsɛs. 现在的问题是种植足够的棉花来跟上制造过程。 The Cotton Gin An American named Eli Whitney knew that cotton grew well in the American South. ðə ˈkɑtən ʤɪn æn əˈmɛrɪkən neɪmd ˈilaɪ ˈwɪtni nu ðæt ˈkɑtən gru wɛl ɪn ðə əˈmɛrɪkən saʊθ. 轧棉机 一位名叫 Eli Whitney 的美国人知道棉花在美国南部生长良好。 But it wasn't easy to separate the cotton seeds from the fibers. bʌt ɪt ˈwɑzənt ˈizi tu ˈsɛpərˌeɪt ðə ˈkɑtən sidz frʌm ðə ˈfaɪbərz. 但要将棉籽与纤维分离并不容易。 In 1793, after studying the problem for just a few days, Whitney designed a simple machine that worked beautifully. ɪn 1793 ˈæftər ˈstʌdiɪŋ ðə ˈprɑbləm fɔr ʤʌst ə fju deɪz, ˈwɪtni dɪˈzaɪnd ə ˈsɪmpəl məˈʃin ðæt wərkt ˈbjutəfli. 1793 年,经过短短几天的研究,惠特尼设计了一台运行良好的简单机器。 Cotton was pushed through a hopper into contact with a revolving cylinder. ˈkɑtən wɑz pʊʃt θru ə ˈhɑpər ˈɪntu ˈkɑnˌtækt wɪð ə riˈvɑlvɪŋ ˈsɪləndər. 棉花被推过一个料斗,与一个旋转的圆筒接触。 Hundreds of wire hooks on the revolving ˈhʌndrədz ʌv waɪər hʊks ɑn ðə riˈvɑlvɪŋ 旋转台上有数百个钢丝钩
cylinder strained out the seeds. ˈsɪləndər streɪnd aʊt ðə sidz. 圆筒滤出种子。 Turning in the opposite direction, another cylinder combed or brushed the cotton off the hooks and into a bin. ˈtərnɪŋ ɪn ðə ˈɑpəzɪt dərˈɛkʃən, əˈnʌðər ˈsɪləndər koʊmd ɔr brʌʃt ðə ˈkɑtən ɔf ðə hʊks ənd ˈɪntu ə bɪn. 向相反的方向转动,另一个滚筒将棉花从钩子上梳理或刷入垃圾箱。 Whitney called his machine the cotton gin. ˈwɪtni kɔld hɪz məˈʃin ðə ˈkɑtən ʤɪn. 惠特尼称他的机器为轧棉机。 Gin was short for engine. ʤɪn wɑz ʃɔrt fɔr ˈɛnʤən. 杜松子酒是引擎的缩写。 Whitney's invention changed agriculture in the American South. ˈwɪtniz ˌɪnˈvɛnʃən ʧeɪnʤd ˈægrɪˌkəlʧər ɪn ðə əˈmɛrɪkən saʊθ. 惠特尼的发明改变了美国南部的农业。 Huge cotton plantations developed, increasing demand for enslaved workers from Africa to produce "white gold," as cotton came to be known. hjuʤ ˈkɑtən ˌplænˈteɪʃənz dɪˈvɛləpt, ˌɪnˈkrisɪŋ dɪˈmænd fɔr ɛnsˈleɪvd ˈwərkərz frʌm ˈæfrɪkɑ tu prəˈdus "waɪt goʊld," æz ˈkɑtən keɪm tu bi noʊn. 随着棉花逐渐为人所知,巨大的棉花种植园得到发展,对来自非洲的奴隶工人生产“白色黄金”的需求增加。 The cotton gin made plantation owners and cotton merchants rich beyond their dreams. their workers were enslaved and worked without receiving payment. ðə ˈkɑtən ʤɪn meɪd ˌplænˈteɪʃən ˈoʊnərz ənd ˈkɑtən ˈmərʧənts rɪʧ bɪɑnd ðɛr drimz. ðɛr ˈwərkərz wər ɛnsˈleɪvd ənd wərkt wɪˈθaʊt rəˈsivɪŋ ˈpeɪmənt. 轧棉机使种植园主和棉商变得超乎想象地富有。他们的工人被奴役并在没有报酬的情况下工作。 The contribution of enslaved workers to the industrial development of the United States cannot be underestimated. ðə ˌkɑntrəˈbjuʃən ʌv ɛnsˈleɪvd ˈwərkərz tu ðə ˌɪnˈdʌstriəl dɪˈvɛləpmənt ʌv ðə juˈnaɪtəd steɪts ˈkænɑt bi ˈʌndərˈɛstəˌmeɪtɪd. 奴隶工人对美国工业发展的贡献不容小觑。 The invention of the cotton gin meant the increased use of enslaved workers. ðə ˌɪnˈvɛnʃən ʌv ðə ˈkɑtən ʤɪn mɛnt ðə ˌɪnˈkrist jus ʌv ɛnsˈleɪvd ˈwərkərz. 轧棉机的发明意味着更多地使用奴隶工人。
And sadly, because growing cotton was big business, Whitney's invention made slavery in America much less likely to disappear. ənd ˈsædli, bɪˈkɔz groʊɪŋ ˈkɑtən wɑz bɪg ˈbɪznəs, ˈwɪtniz ˌɪnˈvɛnʃən meɪd sˈleɪvəri ɪn əˈmɛrɪkə mʌʧ lɛs ˈlaɪkli tu ˌdɪsəˈpɪr. 可悲的是,由于种植棉花是一项大生意,惠特尼的发明使奴隶制在美国消失的可能性大大降低。 Now there was enough Factories Instead of Cottages There wasn't much difference between factories in Great Britain and those in the northern United States. naʊ ðɛr wɑz ɪˈnʌf ˈfæktəriz ˌɪnˈstɛd ʌv ˈkɑtɪʤɪz ðɛr ˈwɑzənt mʌʧ ˈdɪfərəns bɪtˈwin ˈfæktəriz ɪn greɪt ˈbrɪtən ənd ðoʊz ɪn ðə ˈnɔrðərn juˈnaɪtəd steɪts. 现在工厂多了,村舍少了 英国的工厂和美国北部的工厂没有太大区别。 Manufacturing techniques were very valuable. ˌmænjəˈfækʧərɪŋ tɛkˈniks wər ˈvɛri ˈvæljəbəl. 制造技术非常有价值。 Workers had to swear not tell how the machinery worked. ˈwərkərz hæd tu swɛr nɑt tɛl haʊ ðə məˈʃinəri wərkt. 工人们不得不发誓不告诉机器是如何工作的。 Spies tried to steal the secrets or bribe workers into revealing them. spaɪz traɪd tu stil ðə ˈsikrɪts ɔr braɪb ˈwərkərz ˈɪntu rɪˈvilɪŋ ðɛm. 间谍试图窃取秘密或贿赂工人以泄露秘密。 Most factory owners cared more for their profits than for their workers. moʊst ˈfæktəri ˈoʊnərz kɛrd mɔr fɔr ðɛr ˈprɑfɪts ðæn fɔr ðɛr ˈwərkərz. 大多数工厂主更关心他们的利润而不是他们的工人。 To produce even more finished cloth, factories kept running after dark, with laborers working in shifts, by candle or lantern light. tu prəˈdus ˈivɪn mɔr ˈfɪnɪʃt klɔθ, ˈfæktəriz kɛpt ˈrʌnɪŋ ˈæftər dɑrk, wɪð ˈleɪbərərz ˈwərkɪŋ ɪn ʃɪfts, baɪ ˈkændəl ɔr ˈlæntərn laɪt. 为了生产更多的成品布,工厂在天黑后继续运转,工人在蜡烛或灯笼灯下轮班工作。 Inside the factory, the owner and his overseers controlled the entire production process. ˌɪnˈsaɪd ðə ˈfæktəri, ðə ˈoʊnər ənd hɪz ˌoʊvərˈsiərz kənˈtroʊld ðə ɪnˈtaɪər prəˈdʌkʃən ˈprɑˌsɛs. 在工厂内部,所有者和他的监督者控制着整个生产过程。 Workers were under constant supervision and at the factory owner's mercy. ˈwərkərz wər ˈʌndər ˈkɑnstənt ˌsupərˈvɪʒən ənd æt ðə ˈfæktəri ˈoʊnərz ˈmərsi. 工人们一直处于监督之下,任凭工厂老板摆布。 He could pay a low wage, because so many people were looking for work. hi kʊd peɪ ə loʊ weɪʤ, bɪˈkɔz soʊ ˈmɛni ˈpipəl wər ˈlʊkɪŋ fɔr wərk. 他可以支付很低的工资,因为有那么多人在找工作。 He would fire those who were uncooperative or unproductive. hi wʊd faɪər ðoʊz hu wər ənkoʊˈɑpərətɪv ɔr ˌənprəˈdʌktɪv. 他会解雇那些不合作或效率低下的人。 Children were especially cheap labor. ˈʧɪldrən wər əˈspɛʃli ʧip ˈleɪbər. 儿童是特别廉价的劳动力。 Because they were And in Manchester, England, people soon said that the city was "steam mill dawn to dark, making cotton cloth that found its way all around the world. bɪˈkɔz ðeɪ wər ənd ɪn ˈmænˌʧɛstər, ˈɪŋglənd, ˈpipəl sun sɛd ðæt ðə ˈsɪti wɑz "stim mɪl dɔn tu dɑrk, ˈmeɪkɪŋ ˈkɑtən klɔθ ðæt faʊnd ɪts weɪ ɔl əraʊnd ðə wərld. 因为他们在英国曼彻斯特,人们很快就说这座城市是“从早到晚的蒸汽磨坊,生产的棉布遍布世界各地。 Cloth made in a factory was superior in many ways, and it cost less than cloth made the old-fashioned way. klɔθ meɪd ɪn ə ˈfæktəri wɑz suˈpɪriər ɪn ˈmɛni weɪz, ənd ɪt kɑst lɛs ðæn klɔθ meɪd ðə ˌoʊldˈfæʃənd weɪ. 工厂生产的布料在很多方面都更胜一筹,而且成本低于传统方式生产的布料。 By 1850, there were only 50,000 hand weavers in Britain, down from 250,000 just thirty years before. baɪ 1850 ðɛr wər ˈoʊnli 50,000* hænd ˈwivərz ɪn ˈbrɪtən, daʊn frʌm 250,000* ʤʌst ˈθərˌdi jɪrz bɪˈfɔr. 到 1850 年,英国只有 50,000 名手工织工,低于三十年前的 250,000 名。 Parts of the quiet British countryside seemed to change almost overnight into huge, smoky, sooty, overcrowded cities. pɑrts ʌv ðə kwaɪət ˈbrɪtɪʃ ˈkʌntriˌsaɪd simd tu ʧeɪnʤ ˈɔlˌmoʊst ˈoʊvərˈnaɪt ˈɪntu hjuʤ, sˈmoʊki, ˈsuti, ˈoʊvərˌkraʊdɪd ˈsɪtiz. 部分安静的英国乡村似乎几乎在一夜之间变成了烟雾弥漫、乌烟瘴气、人满为患的巨大城市。
N S E W North Sea Irish Sea English Channel Manchester Liverpool London Bristol Portsmouth Plymouth Cardiff Birmingham Leeds Newcastle Sheffield Ireland France Scotland England Wales Glasgow Iron ore deposits Coal fields Edinburgh In the early 1800s, cities developed close to resources, such as coal and iron. ɛn ɛs i ˈdʌbəlju nɔrθ si ˈaɪrɪʃ si ˈɪŋglɪʃ ˈʧænəl ˈmænˌʧɛstər ˈlɪvərˌpul ˈlʌndən ˈbrɪstəl ˈpɔrtsməθ ˈplɪməθ ˈkɑrdɪf ˈbərmɪŋˌhæm lidz ˈnuˌkæsəl ˈʃɛfild ˈaɪərlənd fræns ˈskɑtlənd ˈɪŋglənd weɪlz ˈglæˌskoʊ aɪərn ɔr dəˈpɑzɪts koʊl fildz ˈɛdənbəroʊ ɪn ðə ˈərli 1800s*, ˈsɪtiz dɪˈvɛləpt kloʊs tu ˈrisɔrsɪz, sʌʧ æz koʊl ənd aɪərn. N S E W 北海 爱尔兰海 英吉利海峡 曼彻斯特 利物浦 伦敦 布里斯托尔 朴茨茅斯 普利茅斯 卡迪夫 伯明翰 利兹 纽卡斯尔 谢菲尔德 爱尔兰 法国 苏格兰 英格兰 威尔士 格拉斯哥 铁矿床 煤田 爱丁堡 在 1800 年代初期,城市发展靠近资源,例如煤炭和铁。 Mining Areas in Great Britain ˈmaɪnɪŋ ˈɛriəz ɪn greɪt ˈbrɪtən 英国矿区
Families of workers flocked to these cities by the thousands. ˈfæməliz ʌv ˈwərkərz flɑkt tu ðiz ˈsɪtiz baɪ ðə ˈθaʊzəndz. 成千上万的工人家庭涌入这些城市。 All hoped for a chance to earn a living and be better able to feed and clothe themselves than they had been back in their villages and small towns. ɔl hoʊpt fɔr ə ʧæns tu ərn ə ˈlɪvɪŋ ənd bi ˈbɛtər ˈeɪbəl tu fid ənd kloʊð ðɛmˈsɛlvz ðæn ðeɪ hæd bɪn bæk ɪn ðɛr ˈvɪləʤɪz ənd smɔl taʊnz. 所有人都希望有机会谋生,能够比回到自己的村庄和小镇时更好地温饱。 Before moving to cities, they may not have known or been concerned about housing shortages, poor sanitation, and scarce food. bɪˈfɔr ˈmuvɪŋ tu ˈsɪtiz, ðeɪ meɪ nɑt hæv noʊn ɔr bɪn kənˈsərnd əˈbaʊt ˈhaʊzɪŋ ˈʃɔrtəʤəz, pur ˌsænəˈteɪʃən, ənd skɛrs fud. 在搬到城市之前,他们可能不知道或不关心住房短缺、卫生条件差和食物短缺的问题。 Once in the city, however, there wasn't much they could do, except take work wherever they could find it. wʌns ɪn ðə ˈsɪti, ˌhaʊˈɛvər, ðɛr ˈwɑzənt mʌʧ ðeɪ kʊd du, ɪkˈsɛpt teɪk wərk wɛˈrɛvər ðeɪ kʊd faɪnd ɪt. 然而,一旦到了城里,他们就无能为力了,只能在能找到的地方找工作。 Often, the owner of the factory or mine rented out cheap slum housing. ˈɔftən, ðə ˈoʊnər ʌv ðə ˈfæktəri ɔr maɪn ˈrɛntəd aʊt ʧip slʌm ˈhaʊzɪŋ. 通常,工厂或矿山的所有者出租廉价的贫民窟住房。 He might also control the bank. hi maɪt ˈɔlsoʊ kənˈtroʊl ðə bæŋk. 他还可能控制银行。 He might even own the shops and taverns. he could see to it that no other factory would hire anyone from that worker's family. hi maɪt ˈivɪn oʊn ðə ʃɑps ənd ˈtævərnz. hi kʊd si tu ɪt ðæt noʊ ˈʌðər ˈfæktəri wʊd haɪər ˈɛniˌwən frʌm ðæt ˈwərkərz ˈfæməli. 他甚至可能拥有商店和酒馆。他可以确保没有其他工厂会雇用该工人家庭中的任何人。 An increase in population led to the creation of police forces and the building of more jails. æn ˌɪnˈkris ɪn ˌpɑpjəˈleɪʃən lɛd tu ðə kriˈeɪʃən ʌv pəˈlis ˈfɔrsɪz ənd ðə ˈbɪldɪŋ ʌv mɔr ʤeɪlz. 人口的增加导致警察部队的建立和更多监狱的建设。 More law enforcement meant that Life was hard for the working poor. mɔr lɔ ɛnˈfɔrsmənt mɛnt ðæt laɪf wɑz hɑrd fɔr ðə ˈwərkɪŋ pur. 更多的执法意味着工作穷人的生活很艰难。 Overcrowding, bad sanitation, pollution, and poor nutrition became more of a problem. ˈoʊvərˌkraʊdɪŋ, bæd ˌsænəˈteɪʃən, pəˈluʃən, ənd pur nuˈtrɪʃən bɪˈkeɪm mɔr ʌv ə ˈprɑbləm. 过度拥挤、恶劣的卫生条件、污染和营养不良成为一个更严重的问题。 So too did disease. soʊ tu dɪd dɪˈziz. 疾病也是如此。 When disease struck, rich and poor alike were at risk. wɛn dɪˈziz strʌk, rɪʧ ənd pur əˈlaɪk wər æt rɪsk. 当疾病袭来时,富人和穷人都处于危险之中。 The rich moved out of the city. ðə rɪʧ muvd aʊt ʌv ðə ˈsɪti. 富人搬出城市。 The poor were left behind, to work and endure their new life in the city. ðə pur wər lɛft bɪˈhaɪnd, tu wərk ənd ɛnˈdjʊr ðɛr nu laɪf ɪn ðə ˈsɪti. 穷人被抛在后面,在城市里工作和忍受他们的新生活。 During the Industrial Revolution, poor people often lived in cramped housing with bad sanitation. ˈdʊrɪŋ ðə ˌɪnˈdʌstriəl ˌrɛvəˈluʃən, pur ˈpipəl ˈɔftən lɪvd ɪn kræmpt ˈhaʊzɪŋ wɪð bæd ˌsænəˈteɪʃən. 在工业革命期间,穷人经常住在狭窄、卫生条件差的房屋中。 Vocabulary sanitation, n. the system of keeping a place clean and free of disease slum, n. a crowded city neighborhood where buildings are in bad condition; often used to refer to areas where poor people live nutrition, n. the process of eating the right kinds of food to be healthy voʊˈkæbjəˌlɛri ˌsænəˈteɪʃən, ɛn. ðə ˈsɪstəm ʌv ˈkipɪŋ ə pleɪs klin ənd fri ʌv dɪˈziz slʌm, ɛn. ə ˈkraʊdəd ˈsɪti ˈneɪbərˌhʊd wɛr ˈbɪldɪŋz ɑr ɪn bæd kənˈdɪʃən; ˈɔftən juzd tu rəˈfər tu ˈɛriəz wɛr pur ˈpipəl laɪv nuˈtrɪʃən, ɛn. ðə ˈprɑˌsɛs ʌv ˈitɪŋ ðə raɪt kaɪndz ʌv fud tu bi ˈhɛlθi 词汇卫生,n。保持地方清洁和无疾病贫民窟的系统,n。拥挤的城市街区,建筑物状况不佳;常用于指贫民居住的地区,n.吃正确种类的食物以保持健康的过程
Chapter 5 The Rise of Capitalism Great Change in Business "Everywhere, so much change," the newly rich merchant would tell you. ˈʧæptər 5 ðə raɪz ʌv ˈkæpɪtəˌlɪzəm greɪt ʧeɪnʤ ɪn ˈbɪznəs "ˈɛvriˌwɛr, soʊ mʌʧ ʧeɪnʤ," ðə ˈnuli rɪʧ ˈmərʧənt wʊd tɛl ju. 第 5 章资本主义的兴起 商业的巨变 “无处不在,变化如此之大,”新富商人会告诉你。 Those words would be echoed by the poor, struggling mill hand. ðoʊz wərdz wʊd bi ˈɛkoʊd baɪ ðə pur, ˈstrʌgəlɪŋ mɪl hænd. 可怜的、苦苦挣扎的磨坊工人会附和这些话。 Quaint villages had been transformed into bustling, overcrowded cities. kweɪnt ˈvɪləʤɪz hæd bɪn trænsˈfɔrmd ˈɪntu ˈbʌsəlɪŋ, ˈoʊvərˌkraʊdɪd ˈsɪtiz. 古色古香的村庄变成了繁华、拥挤的城市。 Life would never be the same again! laɪf wʊd ˈnɛvər bi ðə seɪm əˈgɛn! 生活将不再一样! The Big Question What was mercantilism? ðə bɪg kˈwɛsʧən wʌt wɑz mərˈkæntəˌlɪzəm? 大问题 什么是重商主义?
The industrial towns of Great Britain, with their steam-powered factories and growing populations, offered people a different, often harsher, way of life than the rural villages they had left behind. ðə ˌɪnˈdʌstriəl taʊnz ʌv greɪt ˈbrɪtən, wɪð ðɛr steam-powered* ˈfæktəriz ənd groʊɪŋ ˌpɑpjəˈleɪʃənz, ˈɔfərd ˈpipəl ə ˈdɪfərənt, ˈɔftən ˈhɑrʃər, weɪ ʌv laɪf ðæn ðə ˈrʊrəl ˈvɪləʤɪz ðeɪ hæd lɛft bɪˈhaɪnd. 英国的工业城镇,拥有蒸汽动力工厂和不断增长的人口,为人们提供了一种不同于他们离开的乡村的生活方式,而且往往更加严酷。
Machines as large as houses clanked in the once- quiet countryside. məˈʃinz æz lɑrʤ æz ˈhaʊsəz clanked* ɪn ðə wʌns- kwaɪət ˈkʌntriˌsaɪd. 房屋那么大的机器在曾经安静的乡村里发出叮当声。 The smokestacks of the coal- burning steam engines belched black smoke on every horizon. ðə sˈmoʊkˌstæks ʌv ðə koʊl- ˈbərnɪŋ stim ˈɛnʤənz bɛlʧt blæk smoʊk ɑn ˈɛvəri hərˈaɪzən. 燃煤蒸汽机的烟囱在地平线上喷出黑烟。 And so many people were on the move! ənd soʊ ˈmɛni ˈpipəl wər ɑn ðə muv! 这么多人在行动! Everyone was hoping to find a way fabulously rich. ˈɛvriˌwən wɑz ˈhoʊpɪŋ tu faɪnd ə weɪ ˈfæbjuləsli rɪʧ. 每个人都希望找到一种非常富有的方式。 Was there something behind such change? wɑz ðɛr ˈsʌmθɪŋ bɪˈhaɪnd sʌʧ ʧeɪnʤ? 这种变化背后有什么原因吗? Well, one important factor was the development of capitalism. wɛl, wʌn ˌɪmˈpɔrtənt ˈfæktər wɑz ðə dɪˈvɛləpmənt ʌv ˈkæpɪtəˌlɪzəm. 嗯,一个重要的因素是资本主义的发展。 How and why did capitalism grow in importance at this time? haʊ ənd waɪ dɪd ˈkæpɪtəˌlɪzəm groʊ ɪn ˌɪmˈpɔrtəns æt ðɪs taɪm? 资本主义如何以及为何在此时变得越来越重要? How did the Industrial Revolution help capitalist systems develop all around the world? haʊ dɪd ðə ˌɪnˈdʌstriəl ˌrɛvəˈluʃən hɛlp ˈkæpətəlɪst ˈsɪstəmz dɪˈvɛləp ɔl əraʊnd ðə wərld? 工业革命如何帮助资本主义制度在全世界发展? Good questions! gʊd kˈwɛsʧənz! 好问题! Let's first examine what capitalism is. lɛts fərst ɪgˈzæmɪn wʌt ˈkæpɪtəˌlɪzəm ɪz. 我们先来看看什么是资本主义。 What Is Capitalism? wʌt ɪz ˈkæpɪtəˌlɪzəm? 什么是资本主义? Capitalism begins with capital. ˈkæpɪtəˌlɪzəm bɪˈgɪnz wɪð ˈkæpɪtəl. 资本主义始于资本。 Capital is money invested in the creation of a business, and in its development and growth. ˈkæpɪtəl ɪz ˈmʌni ˌɪnˈvɛstəd ɪn ðə kriˈeɪʃən ʌv ə ˈbɪznəs, ənd ɪn ɪts dɪˈvɛləpmənt ənd groʊθ. 资本是投资于创建企业及其发展和壮大的资金。 Capitalism stimulates the production of cheaper and more efficiently made goods and services. ˈkæpɪtəˌlɪzəm ˈstɪmjəˌleɪts ðə prəˈdʌkʃən ʌv ˈʧipər ənd mɔr ɪˈfɪʃəntli meɪd gʊdz ənd ˈsərvəsəz. 资本主义刺激生产更便宜、效率更高的商品和服务。 When It would be better to invest the capital in starting up some other, more profitable businesses. wɛn ɪt wʊd bi ˈbɛtər tu ˌɪnˈvɛst ðə ˈkæpɪtəl ɪn ˈstɑrtɪŋ ʌp sʌm ˈʌðər, mɔr ˈprɑfətəbəl ˈbɪznəsəz. 什么时候 最好将资金投入到其他一些更有利可图的业务中。 This determination to make money drives the capitalist to find different kinds of opportunities. ðɪs dɪˌtərməˈneɪʃən tu meɪk ˈmʌni draɪvz ðə ˈkæpətəlɪst tu faɪnd ˈdɪfərənt kaɪndz ʌv ˌɑpərˈtunətiz. 这种赚钱的决心驱使资本家寻找各种机会。 It also drives the Finally, capitalism tells us that the best use of money is to make more Vocabulary capitalism, n. an economic system in which resources and businesses are privately owned and prices are not controlled by the government capitalist, n. a person who participates in capitalism; a person who sells goods, services, or who invests money in a business ɪt ˈɔlsoʊ draɪvz ðə ˈfaɪnəli, ˈkæpɪtəˌlɪzəm tɛlz ʌs ðæt ðə bɛst jus ʌv ˈmʌni ɪz tu meɪk mɔr voʊˈkæbjəˌlɛri ˈkæpɪtəˌlɪzəm, ɛn. æn ˌɛkəˈnɑmɪk ˈsɪstəm ɪn wɪʧ ˈrisɔrsɪz ənd ˈbɪznəsəz ɑr ˈpraɪvətli oʊnd ənd ˈpraɪsəz ɑr nɑt kənˈtroʊld baɪ ðə ˈgʌvərnmənt ˈkæpətəlɪst, ɛn. ə ˈpərsən hu pɑrˈtɪsəˌpeɪts ɪn ˈkæpɪtəˌlɪzəm; ə ˈpərsən hu sɛlz gʊdz, ˈsərvəsəz, ɔr hu ˌɪnˈvɛsts ˈmʌni ɪn ə ˈbɪznəs 最后,资本主义告诉我们,金钱的最佳用途是制造更多的词汇 capitalism,n。一种经济体系,其中资源和企业为私人所有,价格不受政府资本家 n. 控制。参与资本主义的人;销售商品、服务或投资企业的人
on it goes. ɑn ɪt goʊz. 就这样吧。 To understand capitalism's power to change the world, we must first understand its roots. tu ˌəndərˈstænd ˈkæpətəˌlɪzəmz paʊər tu ʧeɪnʤ ðə wərld, wi mʌst fərst ˌəndərˈstænd ɪts ruts. 要了解资本主义改变世界的力量,我们必须首先了解它的根源。 Then we can explore the ways it affected how people lived in the 1800s and 1900s. ðɛn wi kæn ɪkˈsplɔr ðə weɪz ɪt əˈfɛktɪd haʊ ˈpipəl lɪvd ɪn ðə 1800s* ənd 1900s*. 然后我们可以探索它如何影响人们在 1800 年代和 1900 年代的生活方式。 Understanding the history of capitalism will So, when did capitalism begin? ˌəndərˈstændɪŋ ðə ˈhɪstəri ʌv ˈkæpɪtəˌlɪzəm wɪl soʊ, wɛn dɪd ˈkæpɪtəˌlɪzəm bɪˈgɪn? 了解资本主义的历史 那么,资本主义是什么时候开始的呢? As long as people have been around, there have been craftspeople, merchants, and traders who know how to make or buy something cheap and sell it for a profit. æz lɔŋ æz ˈpipəl hæv bɪn əraʊnd, ðɛr hæv bɪn ˈkræftˌspipəl, ˈmərʧənts, ənd ˈtreɪdərz hu noʊ haʊ tu meɪk ɔr baɪ ˈsʌmθɪŋ ʧip ənd sɛl ɪt fɔr ə ˈprɑfət. 只要有人存在,就会有手工艺人、商人和贸易商知道如何制造或购买便宜的东西并出售以获利。 In that sense, capitalist activity is as old as civilization itself. ɪn ðæt sɛns, ˈkæpətəlɪst ækˈtɪvɪti ɪz æz oʊld æz ˌsɪvəlɪˈzeɪʃən ˌɪtˈsɛlf. 从这个意义上说,资本主义活动与文明本身一样古老。 But modern high-stakes capitalism is only about 120 years old. bʌt ˈmɑdərn high-stakes* ˈkæpɪtəˌlɪzəm ɪz ˈoʊnli əˈbaʊt 120 jɪrz oʊld. 但现代高风险资本主义只有大约 120 年的历史。 But it is possible to trace certain aspects of capitalism to of northern Italy and in the European nations on the Atlantic Ocean and the North Sea. bʌt ɪt ɪz ˈpɑsəbəl tu treɪs ˈsərtən ˈæˌspɛkts ʌv ˈkæpɪtəˌlɪzəm tu ʌv ˈnɔrðərn ˈɪtəli ənd ɪn ðə ˌjʊrəˈpiən ˈneɪʃənz ɑn ðə əˈtlæntɪk ˈoʊʃən ənd ðə nɔrθ si. 但有可能将资本主义的某些方面追溯到意大利北部以及大西洋和北海的欧洲国家。 However, before the rise of capitalism, another economic system of ideas, called mercantilism, guided the rulers of these countries. ˌhaʊˈɛvər, bɪˈfɔr ðə raɪz ʌv ˈkæpɪtəˌlɪzəm, əˈnʌðər ˌɛkəˈnɑmɪk ˈsɪstəm ʌv aɪˈdiəz, kɔld mərˈkæntəˌlɪzəm, ˈgaɪdəd ðə ˈrulərz ʌv ðiz ˈkʌntriz. 然而,在资本主义兴起之前,另一种被称为重商主义的经济思想体系指导着这些国家的统治者。 Mercantilism England, France, Spain, and Portugal became rich during the age of exploration. mərˈkæntəˌlɪzəm ˈɪŋglənd, fræns, speɪn, ənd ˈpɔrʧəgəl bɪˈkeɪm rɪʧ ˈdʊrɪŋ ðə eɪʤ ʌv ˌɛksplərˈeɪʃən. 重商主义 英国、法国、西班牙和葡萄牙在探险时代变得富有。 From the 1500s to the early 1700s, shiploads of gold and silver European countries also grew wealthy by enslaving people and forcing them to work in silver and gold mines, or on plantations. frʌm ðə 1500s* tu ðə ˈərli 1700s*, ˈʃɪˌploʊdz ʌv goʊld ənd ˈsɪlvər ˌjʊrəˈpiən ˈkʌntriz ˈɔlsoʊ gru ˈwɛlθi baɪ enslaving* ˈpipəl ənd ˈfɔrsɪŋ ðɛm tu wərk ɪn ˈsɪlvər ənd goʊld maɪnz, ɔr ɑn ˌplænˈteɪʃənz. 从 1500 年代到 1700 年代初期,满载黄金和白银的欧洲国家也通过奴役人民并强迫他们在银矿和金矿或种植园工作而变得富有。 Other countries grew wealthy through organized piracy. ˈʌðər ˈkʌntriz gru ˈwɛlθi θru ˈɔrgəˌnaɪzd ˈpaɪrəsi. 其他国家通过有组织的海盗活动变得富有。 Still others brought precious goods, such as spices and sugar cane, to European markets and gained great profits. stɪl ˈʌðərz brɔt ˈprɛʃəs gʊdz, sʌʧ æz ˈspaɪsəz ənd ˈʃʊgər keɪn, tu ˌjʊrəˈpiən ˈmɑrkəts ənd geɪnd greɪt ˈprɑfɪts. 还有一些人将香料和甘蔗等贵重物品带到欧洲市场并获得巨额利润。 Each country's leaders had to decide how best to use this wealth. iʧ ˈkʌntriz ˈlidərz hæd tu ˌdɪˈsaɪd haʊ bɛst tu jus ðɪs wɛlθ. 每个国家的领导人都必须决定如何最好地利用这些财富。 Vocabulary mercantilism, n. an economic system that aims to increase a country's wealth and power by controlling trade and people voʊˈkæbjəˌlɛri mərˈkæntəˌlɪzəm, ɛn. æn ˌɛkəˈnɑmɪk ˈsɪstəm ðæt eɪmz tu ˌɪnˈkris ə ˈkʌntriz wɛlθ ənd paʊər baɪ kənˈtroʊlɪŋ treɪd ənd ˈpipəl 词汇重商主义,n。旨在通过控制贸易和人民来增加国家财富和实力的经济体系
European countries competed to control trade. ˌjʊrəˈpiən ˈkʌntriz kəmˈpitɪd tu kənˈtroʊl treɪd. 欧洲国家竞相控制贸易。 Trade produced wealth, and wealth brought power. treɪd prəˈdust wɛlθ, ənd wɛlθ brɔt paʊər. 贸易产生财富,财富带来权力。 The mercantilist theory was that a country could grow rich and powerful by controlling trade. ðə mərˈkæntəlɪst ˈθɪri wɑz ðæt ə ˈkʌntri kʊd groʊ rɪʧ ənd ˈpaʊərfəl baɪ kənˈtroʊlɪŋ treɪd. 重商主义理论认为,一个国家可以通过控制贸易而变得富强。 If it could force rival nations to buy its goods, it could increase the amount of silver and gold it had. ɪf ɪt kʊd fɔrs ˈraɪvəl ˈneɪʃənz tu baɪ ɪts gʊdz, ɪt kʊd ˌɪnˈkris ðə əˈmaʊnt ʌv ˈsɪlvər ənd goʊld ɪt hæd. 如果它能迫使敌对国家购买它的商品,它就能增加它拥有的白银和黄金的数量。 This was important because the country that had the greatest wealth could dominate all the others. ðɪs wɑz ˌɪmˈpɔrtənt bɪˈkɔz ðə ˈkʌntri ðæt hæd ðə ˈgreɪtəst wɛlθ kʊd ˈdɑməˌneɪt ɔl ðə ˈʌðərz. 这很重要,因为拥有最多财富的国家可以支配所有其他国家。 To achieve such a thing, a country must export, or sell, more of its goods than it imports, or buys, from other countries. tu əˈʧiv sʌʧ ə θɪŋ, ə ˈkʌntri mʌst ˈɛkspɔrt, ɔr sɛl, mɔr ʌv ɪts gʊdz ðæn ɪt ˌɪmˈpɔrts, ɔr baɪz, frʌm ˈʌðər ˈkʌntriz. 为了实现这样的目标,一个国家必须出口或销售比从其他国家进口或购买的更多的商品。 In this way, the profits gained could then be invested into that country. ɪn ðɪs weɪ, ðə ˈprɑfɪts geɪnd kʊd ðɛn bi ˌɪnˈvɛstəd ˈɪntu ðæt ˈkʌntri. 这样,获得的利润就可以投资到那个国家。 They could be used to build its system of roads and bridges; to deepen its harbors; to develop its mines; expand its military. ðeɪ kʊd bi juzd tu bɪld ɪts ˈsɪstəm ʌv roʊdz ənd ˈbrɪʤəz; tu ˈdipən ɪts ˈhɑrbərz; tu dɪˈvɛləp ɪts maɪnz; ɪkˈspænd ɪts ˈmɪləˌtɛri. 它们可以用来建造它的道路和桥梁系统;深化港口;开发其矿山;扩军。 These investments would make that country stronger and even richer. ðiz ˌɪnˈvɛstmənts wʊd meɪk ðæt ˈkʌntri ˈstrɔŋgər ənd ˈivɪn ˈrɪʧər. 这些投资将使那个国家更强大,甚至更富有。 Vocabulary export, v. to send goods to sell in another country import, v. to bring goods into one country from voʊˈkæbjəˌlɛri ˈɛkspɔrt, vi. tu sɛnd gʊdz tu sɛl ɪn əˈnʌðər ˈkʌntri ˌɪmˈpɔrt, vi. tu brɪŋ gʊdz ˈɪntu wʌn ˈkʌntri frʌm 词汇 export v. to send goods to sell in another country 进口,v. to bring goods into one country from
Many of the kings of Europe were advised that in order to become wealthy and to control trade, they must impose tariffs, or taxes, on goods that were produced by rival countries. ˈmɛni ʌv ðə kɪŋz ʌv ˈjʊrəp wər ædˈvaɪzd ðæt ɪn ˈɔrdər tu bɪˈkʌm ˈwɛlθi ənd tu kənˈtroʊl treɪd, ðeɪ mʌst ˌɪmˈpoʊz ˈtɛrəfs, ɔr ˈtæksəz, ɑn gʊdz ðæt wər prəˈdust baɪ ˈraɪvəl ˈkʌntriz. 许多欧洲国王被告知,为了变得富有和控制贸易,他们必须对敌对国家生产的商品征收关税或征税。 That way, those goods would become more expensive and less affordable to people in the home country. ðæt weɪ, ðoʊz gʊdz wʊd bɪˈkʌm mɔr ɪkˈspɛnsɪv ənd lɛs əˈfɔrdəbəl tu ˈpipəl ɪn ðə hoʊm ˈkʌntri. 这样一来,这些商品将变得更加昂贵,而本国人民则难以负担。 And, even if foreign goods were actually sold in the home country, the government would profit from the tariffs or taxes that had been imposed. ənd, ˈivɪn ɪf ˈfɔrən gʊdz wər ˈæˌkʧuəli soʊld ɪn ðə hoʊm ˈkʌntri, ðə ˈgʌvərnmənt wʊd ˈprɑfət frʌm ðə ˈtɛrəfs ɔr ˈtæksəz ðæt hæd bɪn ˌɪmˈpoʊzd. 而且,即使外国商品实际上在本国销售,政府也会从征收的关税或税收中获利。 The Need for Colonies To make the mercantile system work, a country needed to establish and control colonies. ðə nid fɔr ˈkɑləniz tu meɪk ðə ˈmərkənˌtaɪl ˈsɪstəm wərk, ə ˈkʌntri ˈnidəd tu ɪˈstæblɪʃ ənd kənˈtroʊl ˈkɑləniz. 殖民地的必要性 为了使商业体系发挥作用,一个国家需要建立和控制殖民地。 These colonies provided cheap labor, raw materials, the people in these colonies would become another market for the home country's goods. ðiz ˈkɑləniz prəˈvaɪdəd ʧip ˈleɪbər, rɑ məˈtɪriəlz, ðə ˈpipəl ɪn ðiz ˈkɑləniz wʊd bɪˈkʌm əˈnʌðər ˈmɑrkət fɔr ðə hoʊm ˈkʌntriz gʊdz. 这些殖民地提供了廉价的劳动力、原材料,这些殖民地的人民将成为母国商品的另一个市场。 The people in the colonies would also have to pay taxes for the privilege of living under the protection of the home country. ðə ˈpipəl ɪn ðə ˈkɑləniz wʊd ˈɔlsoʊ hæv tu peɪ ˈtæksəz fɔr ðə ˈprɪvɪlɪʤ ʌv ˈlɪvɪŋ ˈʌndər ðə prəˈtɛkʃən ʌv ðə hoʊm ˈkʌntri. 殖民地人民还必须为在母国保护下生活的特权纳税。 The richer the colony, the richer the home country. ðə ˈrɪʧər ðə ˈkɑləni, ðə ˈrɪʧər ðə hoʊm ˈkʌntri. 殖民地越富有,祖国就越富有。 This was a powerful argument to conquer and control foreign lands. ðɪs wɑz ə ˈpaʊərfəl ˈɑrgjəmənt tu ˈkɑŋkər ənd kənˈtroʊl ˈfɔrən lændz. 这是征服和控制外国土地的有力论据。 Countries that believed in mercantilism passed strict laws that prohibited their colonies from trading with other countries and foreign colonies. ˈkʌntriz ðæt bɪˈlivd ɪn mərˈkæntəˌlɪzəm pæst strɪkt lɔz ðæt proʊˈhɪbətəd ðɛr ˈkɑləniz frʌm ˈtreɪdɪŋ wɪð ˈʌðər ˈkʌntriz ənd ˈfɔrən ˈkɑləniz. 信奉重商主义的国家通过了严格的法律,禁止其殖民地与其他国家和外国殖民地进行贸易。 Nor could colonial people start up industries of their own, especially if they were in competition with those in the home countries. nɔr kʊd kəˈloʊniəl ˈpipəl stɑrt ʌp ˈɪndəstriz ʌv ðɛr oʊn, əˈspɛʃli ɪf ðeɪ wər ɪn ˌkɑmpəˈtɪʃən wɪð ðoʊz ɪn ðə hoʊm ˈkʌntriz. 殖民地人民也不能开办自己的产业,尤其是当他们与母国的产业竞争时。 Britain went so far as to forbid any ships except those flying the British flag from carrying goods to or from its colonies. ˈbrɪtən wɛnt soʊ fɑr æz tu fərˈbɪd ˈɛni ʃɪps ɪkˈsɛpt ðoʊz flaɪɪŋ ðə ˈbrɪtɪʃ flæg frʌm ˈkæriɪŋ gʊdz tu ɔr frʌm ɪts ˈkɑləniz. 英国甚至禁止除悬挂英国国旗的船只以外的任何船只将货物运往或运出其殖民地。 As for the people in the colonies, they had little say in how the home country taxed them or controlled their developing economy. æz fɔr ðə ˈpipəl ɪn ðə ˈkɑləniz, ðeɪ hæd ˈlɪtəl seɪ ɪn haʊ ðə hoʊm ˈkʌntri tækst ðɛm ɔr kənˈtroʊld ðɛr dɪˈvɛləpɪŋ ɪˈkɑnəmi. 至于殖民地人民,他们对母国如何向他们征税或控制他们发展中的经济没有什么发言权。 America revolted against Great Britain in part because it was being taxed without being able to have a voice in its own affairs. əˈmɛrɪkə rɪˈvoʊltɪd əˈgɛnst greɪt ˈbrɪtən ɪn pɑrt bɪˈkɔz ɪt wɑz biɪŋ tækst wɪˈθaʊt biɪŋ ˈeɪbəl tu hæv ə vɔɪs ɪn ɪts oʊn əˈfɛrz. 美国之所以反抗英国,部分原因是它被征税却无法在自己的事务中发表意见。 Vocabulary raw material, n. something that can be used to make or create a product; for example, cotton is a raw material used to make fabric voʊˈkæbjəˌlɛri rɑ məˈtɪriəl, ɛn. ˈsʌmθɪŋ ðæt kæn bi juzd tu meɪk ɔr kriˈeɪt ə ˈprɑdəkt; fɔr ɪgˈzæmpəl, ˈkɑtən ɪz ə rɑ məˈtɪriəl juzd tu meɪk ˈfæbrɪk 词汇原料,n。可用于制造或创造产品的东西;例如,棉花是用于制造织物的原材料
Canada Netherlands Austria- Hungary German Empire Afghanistan Russian Empire Manchuria Persia Ottoman Empire Arabia Anglo- Egyptian Sudan Ethiopia British East Africa Belgian Congo Nigeria French West Africa Angola German East Africa German Southwest Africa Egypt Tripoli Morocco Denmark Iceland (Denmark) Greenland (Denmark) Great Britain Belgium France Spain Italy Greece Hispaniola Sweden Liberia Cameroon Fr. Equatorial Africa India Burma Siam Korea Japan French Indochina Taiwan (Japan) Hong Kong (Br.) Macao (Port.) ˈkænədə ˈnɛðərləndz ˈɔstriə- ˈhʌŋgəri ˈʤərmən ˈɛmpaɪər æfˈgænəˌstæn ˈrʌʃən ˈɛmpaɪər mænˈʧʊriə ˈpərʒə ˈɑtəmən ˈɛmpaɪər əˈreɪbiə ˈæŋgloʊ- ɪˈʤɪpʃən suˈdæn ˌiθiˈoʊpiə ˈbrɪtɪʃ ist ˈæfrɪkɑ ˈbɛlʤən ˈkɑŋgoʊ naɪˈʤɪriə frɛnʧ wɛst ˈæfrɪkɑ æŋˈgoʊlə ˈʤərmən ist ˈæfrɪkɑ ˈʤərmən ˌsaʊθˈwɛst ˈæfrɪkɑ ˈiʤəpt ˈtrɪpəli mərˈɑkoʊ ˈdɛnˌmɑrk ˈaɪslənd (ˈdɛnˌmɑrk) ˈgrinlənd (ˈdɛnˌmɑrk) greɪt ˈbrɪtən ˈbɛlʤəm fræns speɪn ˈɪtəli gris hɪˌspɑˈŋoʊlə sˈwidən ˌlaɪˈbɪˌriə ˈkæmərˌun fr*. ˌikwəˈtɔriəl ˈæfrɪkɑ ˈɪndiə ˈbərmə saɪæm ˌkɔˈriə ʤəˈpæn frɛnʧ ˌɪndoʊˈʧaɪnə ˈtaɪˈwɑn (ʤəˈpæn) hɔŋ kɔŋ (br*.) məˈkaʊ (pɔrt.) 加拿大 荷兰 奥地利- 匈牙利 德意志帝国 阿富汗 俄罗斯帝国 满洲 波斯 奥斯曼帝国 阿拉伯 盎格鲁- 埃及 苏丹 埃塞俄比亚 英属东非 比利时 刚果 尼日利亚 法属西非 安哥拉 德意志东非 德国 西南非洲 埃及的黎波里 摩洛哥 丹麦 冰岛(丹麦) 格陵兰(丹麦) 大不列颠比利时法国西班牙意大利希腊伊斯帕尼奥拉瑞典利比里亚喀麦隆神父。赤道非洲 印度 缅甸 暹罗 韩国 日本 法属印度支那 台湾(日本) 香港(巴西) 澳门(港口) Philippine Islands (U.S.) Pacific Islands (Germany) Goa (Port.) ˈfɪləˌpin ˈaɪləndz (juz.) pəˈsɪfɪk ˈaɪləndz (ˈʤərməni) goʊə (pɔrt.) 菲律宾群岛(美国) 太平洋岛屿(德国) 果阿(港口) Pondicherry (Fr.) Dutch East Indies China Madagascar Mozambique Union of South Africa United States Brazil Mexico Peru AUSTRALIA New Zealand ARCTIC OCEAN Mediterranean Sea Arabian Sea Bay of Bengal Portugal ATLANTIC OCEAN ATLANTIC OCEAN PACIFIC OCEAN N S E W 2,000 miles European Colonies, 1700-1900 PACIFIC OCEAN INDIAN OCEAN Belgium France Portugal Great Britain Spain Germany Netherlands Italy Boundaries in 1900 Western Hemisphere ca. 1700 Eastern Hemisphere ca. 1900 Over a two-hundred-year period, European nations established colonies in most parts of the world. pondicherry* (fr*.) dʌʧ ist ˈɪndiz ˈʧaɪnə ˌmædəˈgæskər ˌmoʊzæmˈbik ˈjunjən ʌv saʊθ ˈæfrɪkɑ juˈnaɪtəd steɪts brəˈzɪl ˈmɛksəˌkoʊ pəru ɔˈstreɪljə nu ˈzilənd ˈɑrktɪk ˈoʊʃən ˌmɛdətərˈeɪniən si əˈreɪbiən si beɪ ʌv ˈbɛŋgəl ˈpɔrʧəgəl əˈtlæntɪk ˈoʊʃən əˈtlæntɪk ˈoʊʃən pəˈsɪfɪk ˈoʊʃən ɛn ɛs i ˈdʌbəlju 2,000* maɪlz ˌjʊrəˈpiən ˈkɑləniz, 1700-1900* pəˈsɪfɪk ˈoʊʃən ˈɪndiən ˈoʊʃən ˈbɛlʤəm fræns ˈpɔrʧəgəl greɪt ˈbrɪtən speɪn ˈʤərməni ˈnɛðərləndz ˈɪtəli ˈbaʊndəriz ɪn 1900 ˈwɛstərn ˈhɛmɪsˌfɪr kʌ. 1700 ˈistərn ˈhɛmɪsˌfɪr kʌ. 1900 ˈoʊvər ə two-hundred-year* ˈpɪriəd, ˌjʊrəˈpiən ˈneɪʃənz ɪˈstæblɪʃt ˈkɑləniz ɪn moʊst pɑrts ʌv ðə wərld. 本地治里 (Fr.) 荷属东印度群岛 中国 马达加斯加 莫桑比克 南非联邦 美国 巴西 墨西哥 秘鲁 澳大利亚 新西兰 北极海洋 地中海 阿拉伯海 孟加拉湾 葡萄牙 大西洋 大西洋 太平洋 南东西向 2,000 英里 欧洲殖民地,1700-1900 年 太平洋印度洋 比利时 法国 葡萄牙 英国 西班牙 德国 荷兰 意大利 1900 年的西半球边界。约 1700 年东半球1900 年 200 多年来,欧洲国家在世界大部分地区建立了殖民地。
In the mercantile era, it was also important that agriculture and manufacturing in the home country be highly productive. ɪn ðə ˈmərkənˌtaɪl ˈɛrə, ɪt wɑz ˈɔlsoʊ ˌɪmˈpɔrtənt ðæt ˈægrɪˌkəlʧər ənd ˌmænjəˈfækʧərɪŋ ɪn ðə hoʊm ˈkʌntri bi ˈhaɪli prəˈdʌktɪv. 在商业时代,母国的农业和制造业的高产也很重要。 So governments supported new industries, especially those that produced goods that otherwise would have to be imported. soʊ ˈgʌvərnmənts səˈpɔrtəd nu ˈɪndəstriz, əˈspɛʃli ðoʊz ðæt prəˈdust gʊdz ðæt ˈʌðərˌwaɪz wʊd hæv tu bi ˌɪmˈpɔrtɪd. 因此,政府支持新兴产业,尤其是那些生产原本必须进口的商品的产业。 Governments encouraged banks to loan money to new industries. ˈgʌvərnmənts ɛnˈkərɪʤd bæŋks tu loʊn ˈmʌni tu nu ˈɪndəstriz. 政府鼓励银行向新兴产业贷款。 They also created national standards of currency, weights, and measures, which made commerce easier. ðeɪ ˈɔlsoʊ kriˈeɪtəd ˈnæʃənəl ˈstændərdz ʌv ˈkərənsi, weɪts, ənd ˈmɛʒərz, wɪʧ meɪd ˈkɑmərs ˈiziər. 他们还制定了货币、重量和度量的国家标准,这使得商业更容易。 And, as always, new business ideas were emerging. ənd, æz ˈɔlˌweɪz, nu ˈbɪznəs aɪˈdiəz wər ɪˈmərʤɪŋ. 而且,一如既往,新的商业理念不断涌现。 These new ideas were linked to industry, a new age, and new ways to make money. ðiz nu aɪˈdiəz wər lɪŋkt tu ˈɪndəstri, ə nu eɪʤ, ənd nu weɪz tu meɪk ˈmʌni. 这些新想法与工业、新时代和新的赚钱方式有关。 Vocabulary commerce, n. the buying and selling of goods and services; trade voʊˈkæbjəˌlɛri ˈkɑmərs, ɛn. ðə baɪɪŋ ənd ˈsɛlɪŋ ʌv gʊdz ənd ˈsərvəsəz; treɪd 词汇商务,n。商品和服务的买卖;贸易
Chapter 6 Adam Smith New Economic Ideas Gradually, a new capitalism. ˈʧæptər 6 ˈædəm smɪθ nu ˌɛkəˈnɑmɪk aɪˈdiəz ˈgræʤuəli, ə nu ˈkæpɪtəˌlɪzəm. 第六章亚当·斯密的新经济思想逐渐形成新的资本主义。 Industrial capitalism differed from mercantilism. ˌɪnˈdʌstriəl ˈkæpɪtəˌlɪzəm ˈdɪfərd frʌm mərˈkæntəˌlɪzəm. 工业资本主义不同于重商主义。 Industrial capitalists made their money by investing in factories, not in trade. ˌɪnˈdʌstriəl ˈkæpətəlɪsts meɪd ðɛr ˈmʌni baɪ ˌɪnˈvɛstɪŋ ɪn ˈfæktəriz, nɑt ɪn treɪd. 工业资本家通过投资工厂而不是贸易来赚钱。 And, as industrial capitalists grew wealthy, they wanted to gain political power to match their growing wealth. ənd, æz ˌɪnˈdʌstriəl ˈkæpətəlɪsts gru ˈwɛlθi, ðeɪ ˈwɔntɪd tu geɪn pəˈlɪtəkəl paʊər tu mæʧ ðɛr groʊɪŋ wɛlθ. 而且,随着工业资本家越来越富有,他们希望获得政治权力以匹配他们不断增长的财富。 They found their spokesperson in Scottish-born Adam Smith. ðeɪ faʊnd ðɛr ˈspoʊkspərsən ɪn scottish-born* ˈædəm smɪθ. 他们在苏格兰出生的亚当斯密找到了代言人。 Adam Smith was both a student of capitalism and a supporter of it. ˈædəm smɪθ wɑz boʊθ ə ˈstudənt ʌv ˈkæpɪtəˌlɪzəm ənd ə səˈpɔrtər ʌv ɪt. 亚当·斯密既是资本主义的学生,也是它的支持者。 He gave people ideas and terms that would help them understand the changes that were transforming their lives, and he is remembered today as capitalism's first great champion. hi geɪv ˈpipəl aɪˈdiəz ənd tərmz ðæt wʊd hɛlp ðɛm ˌəndərˈstænd ðə ˈʧeɪnʤəz ðæt wər trænsˈfɔrmɪŋ ðɛr lɪvz, ənd hi ɪz rɪˈmɛmbərd təˈdeɪ æz ˈkæpətəˌlɪzəmz fərst greɪt ˈʧæmpiən. 他给人们提供了想法和术语,帮助他们理解正在改变他们生活的变化,今天他作为资本主义的第一位伟大拥护者而被人们铭记。 The Big Question What were Adam Smith's basic economic beliefs? ðə bɪg kˈwɛsʧən wʌt wər ˈædəm smɪθs ˈbeɪsɪk ˌɛkəˈnɑmɪk bɪˈlifs? 大问题 亚当·斯密的基本经济信念是什么?
This statue of Adam Smith stands outside St. Giles' Cathedral in Edinburgh, Scotland. ðɪs ˈstæˌʧu ʌv ˈædəm smɪθ stændz ˈaʊtˈsaɪd st*. ʤaɪlz' kəˈθidrəl ɪn ˈɛdənbəroʊ, ˈskɑtlənd. 亚当·斯密的这座雕像矗立在苏格兰爱丁堡的圣吉尔斯大教堂外。
Adam Smith and Modern Capitalism Adam Smith was born in 1723, in Scotland. ˈædəm smɪθ ənd ˈmɑdərn ˈkæpɪtəˌlɪzəm ˈædəm smɪθ wɑz bɔrn ɪn 1723 ɪn ˈskɑtlənd. 亚当·斯密和现代资本主义 亚当·斯密于 1723 年出生在苏格兰。 By the time he was born, Scotland was part of Great Britain and was prospering economically. a good education. baɪ ðə taɪm hi wɑz bɔrn, ˈskɑtlənd wɑz pɑrt ʌv greɪt ˈbrɪtən ənd wɑz ˈprɑspərɪŋ ˌɛkəˈnɑmɪkli. ə gʊd ˌɛʤəˈkeɪʃən. 在他出生时,苏格兰是大不列颠的一部分,经济繁荣。良好的教育。 He studied at the university in Glasgow, famous for its fine, enlightened teachers. hi ˈstʌdid æt ðə ˌjunəˈvərsəti ɪn ˈglæˌskoʊ, ˈfeɪməs fɔr ɪts faɪn, ˌɛnˈlaɪtənd ˈtiʧərz. 他就读于格拉斯哥的大学,该校以优秀、开明的教师而闻名。 With a scholarship, he also studied at Oxford in England. wɪð ə ˈskɑlərˌʃɪp, hi ˈɔlsoʊ ˈstʌdid æt ˈɑksfərd ɪn ˈɪŋglənd. 获得奖学金后,他还在英国牛津大学深造。 But Smith preferred his native Scotland. bʌt smɪθ prəˈfərd hɪz ˈneɪtɪv ˈskɑtlənd. 但史密斯更喜欢他的家乡苏格兰。 Soon, he was teaching at the university in Glasgow. sun, hi wɑz ˈtiʧɪŋ æt ðə ˌjunəˈvərsəti ɪn ˈglæˌskoʊ. 不久,他在格拉斯哥的大学任教。 Smith was particularly interested in the way society offered each person a measure of justice or freedom. smɪθ wɑz ˌpɑrˈtɪkjələrli ˈɪntəˌrɛstɪd ɪn ðə weɪ soʊˈsaɪɪti ˈɔfərd iʧ ˈpərsən ə ˈmɛʒər ʌv ˈʤʌstəs ɔr ˈfridəm. 史密斯对社会为每个人提供一定程度的正义或自由的方式特别感兴趣。 For him, this was not just a matter of civil rights and living under the protection of fair courts. fɔr hɪm, ðɪs wɑz nɑt ʤʌst ə ˈmætər ʌv ˈsɪvəl raɪts ənd ˈlɪvɪŋ ˈʌndər ðə prəˈtɛkʃən ʌv fɛr kɔrts. 对他来说,这不仅仅是公民权利和生活在公正法庭保护下的问题。 It was also a matter of how people earned a living, acquired the things they needed, and exchanged necessary services with each other. ɪt wɑz ˈɔlsoʊ ə ˈmætər ʌv haʊ ˈpipəl ərnd ə ˈlɪvɪŋ, əkˈwaɪərd ðə θɪŋz ðeɪ ˈnidəd, ənd ɪksˈʧeɪnʤd ˈnɛsəˌsɛri ˈsərvəsəz wɪð iʧ ˈʌðər. 这也是人们如何谋生、获得所需物品以及相互交换必要服务的问题。 Smith was asking economic money and resources. smɪθ wɑz ˈæskɪŋ ˌɛkəˈnɑmɪk ˈmʌni ənd ˈrisɔrsɪz. 史密斯要求的是经济资金和资源。 In 1776, Adam Smith published The Wealth of Nations. ɪn 1776 ˈædəm smɪθ ˈpʌblɪʃt ðə wɛlθ ʌv ˈneɪʃənz. 1776 年,亚当·斯密发表了《国富论》。 His book is one of the most important studies of economics that has ever been written. hɪz bʊk ɪz wʌn ʌv ðə moʊst ˌɪmˈpɔrtənt ˈstʌdiz ʌv ˌɛkəˈnɑmɪks ðæt hæz ˈɛvər bɪn ˈrɪtən. 他的书是有史以来最重要的经济学研究之一。 The Wealth of Nations is still an important text in the study of economics. ðə wɛlθ ʌv ˈneɪʃənz ɪz stɪl æn ˌɪmˈpɔrtənt tɛkst ɪn ðə ˈstʌdi ʌv ˌɛkəˈnɑmɪks. 《国富论》仍然是经济学研究中的重要教材。 Vocabulary civil rights, n. the rights that all citizens are supposed to have economics, n. the study of the management of money and resources to produce, buy, and sell goods voʊˈkæbjəˌlɛri ˈsɪvəl raɪts, ɛn. ðə raɪts ðæt ɔl ˈsɪtəzənz ɑr səˈpoʊzd tu hæv ˌɛkəˈnɑmɪks, ɛn. ðə ˈstʌdi ʌv ðə ˈmænəʤmənt ʌv ˈmʌni ənd ˈrisɔrsɪz tu prəˈdus, baɪ, ənd sɛl gʊdz 词汇公民权利,n。所有公民都应该拥有的权利经济学,n。对生产、购买和销售商品的资金和资源管理的研究
Supply and Demand Smith described what he saw as a wonderful balance in economic relations. səˈplaɪ ənd dɪˈmænd smɪθ dɪˈskraɪbd wʌt hi sɔ æz ə ˈwʌndərfəl ˈbæləns ɪn ˌɛkəˈnɑmɪk riˈleɪʃənz. 供给与需求 史密斯描述了他所看到的经济关系中的奇妙平衡。 In every setting in which two willing and freely acting people wanted to exchange goods or services for money, he found a law at work: the law of supply and demand. ɪn ˈɛvəri ˈsɛtɪŋ ɪn wɪʧ tu ˈwɪlɪŋ ənd ˈfrili ˈæktɪŋ ˈpipəl ˈwɔntɪd tu ɪksˈʧeɪnʤ gʊdz ɔr ˈsərvəsəz fɔr ˈmʌni, hi faʊnd ə lɔ æt wərk: ðə lɔ ʌv səˈplaɪ ənd dɪˈmænd. 在两个愿意和自由行动的人想要用金钱交换商品或服务的每个环境中,他都发现了一个起作用的规律:供求规律。 When a seller set a price for goods or services, a buyer would either pay it or not. wɛn ə ˈsɛlər sɛt ə praɪs fɔr gʊdz ɔr ˈsərvəsəz, ə baɪər wʊd ˈiðər peɪ ɪt ɔr nɑt. 当卖方为商品或服务设定价格时,买方要么支付,要么不支付。 If the seller thought he could sell what he had to offer to someone else, he was not worried. ɪf ðə ˈsɛlər θɔt hi kʊd sɛl wʌt hi hæd tu ˈɔfər tu ˈsʌmˌwən ɛls, hi wɑz nɑt ˈwərid. 如果卖家认为他可以将他必须提供的东西卖给其他人,他并不担心。 But if he felt he might not find another buyer, he might drop the price. bʌt ɪf hi fɛlt hi maɪt nɑt faɪnd əˈnʌðər baɪər, hi maɪt drɑp ðə praɪs. 但如果他觉得自己可能找不到其他买家,他可能会降价。 Likewise, a buyer would have to consider whether he could get what he wanted somewhere else for less. ˈlaɪkˌwaɪz, ə baɪər wʊd hæv tu kənˈsɪdər ˈwɛðər hi kʊd gɛt wʌt hi ˈwɔntɪd ˈsʌmˌwɛr ɛls fɔr lɛs. 同样,买家必须考虑他是否可以在其他地方以更低的价格买到他想要的东西。 If not, and if he really wanted what the seller had to offer, he would have to pay what the seller wanted. ɪf nɑt, ənd ɪf hi ˈrɪli ˈwɔntɪd wʌt ðə ˈsɛlər hæd tu ˈɔfər, hi wʊd hæv tu peɪ wʌt ðə ˈsɛlər ˈwɔntɪd. 否则,如果他真的想要卖家提供的东西,他就必须支付卖家想要的东西。 Smith said this law was at work every time a good or a service was bought or sold. smɪθ sɛd ðɪs lɔ wɑz æt wərk ˈɛvəri taɪm ə gʊd ɔr ə ˈsərvəs wɑz bɑt ɔr soʊld. 史密斯说,每次购买或出售商品或服务时,这条法律都会起作用。 It was, he said, as though an "Invisible Hand" adjusted each and every transaction. ɪt wɑz, hi sɛd, æz ðoʊ æn "ˌɪnˈvɪzəbəl hænd" əˈʤʌstɪd iʧ ənd ˈɛvəri trænˈzækʃən. 他说,就好像一只“看不见的手”在调整每一笔交易。 Even if it only took place in the minds of the buyer and the seller, the law of supply and demand eventually determined the worth of whatever was being exchanged. ˈivɪn ɪf ɪt ˈoʊnli tʊk pleɪs ɪn ðə maɪndz ʌv ðə baɪər ənd ðə ˈsɛlər, ðə lɔ ʌv səˈplaɪ ənd dɪˈmænd ɪˈvɛnʧəwəli dɪˈtərmənd ðə wərθ ʌv ˌwəˈtɛvər wɑz biɪŋ ɪksˈʧeɪnʤd. 即使它只发生在买卖双方的头脑中,供求法则最终决定了所交换的任何东西的价值。 As buyers and sellers tried to get the best deal for themselves, they would establish what something was worth and be satisfied that they got a fair deal. æz baɪərz ənd ˈsɛlərz traɪd tu gɛt ðə bɛst dil fɔr ðɛmˈsɛlvz, ðeɪ wʊd ɪˈstæblɪʃ wʌt ˈsʌmθɪŋ wɑz wərθ ənd bi ˈsætəsˌfaɪd ðæt ðeɪ gɑt ə fɛr dil. 当买家和卖家试图为自己争取最好的交易时,他们会确定某物的价值,并对他们获得公平交易感到满意。 It was important, Smith said, that no one interfere with this fair, natural balance between supply and demand. ɪt wɑz ˌɪmˈpɔrtənt, smɪθ sɛd, ðæt noʊ wʌn ˌɪntərˈfɪr wɪð ðɪs fɛr, ˈnæʧərəl ˈbæləns bɪtˈwin səˈplaɪ ənd dɪˈmænd. 史密斯说,重要的是,没有人会干扰供需之间这种公平、自然的平衡。 Smith was against anything that gave anyone an unfair advantage in the marketplace. smɪθ wɑz əˈgɛnst ˈɛniˌθɪŋ ðæt geɪv ˈɛniˌwən æn ənˈfɛr ædˈvæntɪʤ ɪn ðə ˈmɑrkətˌpleɪs. 史密斯反对任何在市场上给予任何人不公平优势的事情。 He felt that the government should step in to prevent unfair advantages. hi fɛlt ðæt ðə ˈgʌvərnmənt ʃʊd stɛp ɪn tu prɪˈvɛnt ənˈfɛr ædˈvæntɪʤɪz. 他认为政府应该介入以防止不公平的优势。 In general, however, Smith believed it was best for the government to do nothing more than it absolutely had to do to maintain fairness in manufacturing and trade. ɪn ˈʤɛnərəl, ˌhaʊˈɛvər, smɪθ bɪˈlivd ɪt wɑz bɛst fɔr ðə ˈgʌvərnmənt tu du ˈnʌθɪŋ mɔr ðæn ɪt ˌæbsəˈlutli hæd tu du tu meɪnˈteɪn ˈfɛrnəs ɪn ˌmænjəˈfækʧərɪŋ ənd treɪd. 然而,总的来说,史密斯认为政府最好只做它绝对必须做的事情来维护制造业和贸易的公平。 This hands-off policy is known as laissez-faire (/less*ay/fayr/), a French phrase that means "to let happen." ðɪs hands-off* ˈpɑləsi ɪz noʊn æz laissez-faire* (/less*ay/fayr*/), ə frɛnʧ freɪz ðæt minz "tu lɛt ˈhæpən." 这种不干涉政策被称为自由放任 (/less*ay/fayr/),这是一个法语短语,意思是“让事情发生”。 In economics, it refers to the idea that government should allow the marketplace to act or work all by itself. ɪn ˌɛkəˈnɑmɪks, ɪt rəˈfərz tu ðə aɪˈdiə ðæt ˈgʌvərnmənt ʃʊd əˈlaʊ ðə ˈmɑrkətˌpleɪs tu ækt ɔr wərk ɔl baɪ ˌɪtˈsɛlf. 在经济学中,它指的是政府应该允许市场自行行动或运作的想法。 Vocabulary supply and demand, n. the amount of goods and services available to buy compared with the amount that people want to buy laissez-faire, n. a philosophy that calls for very little or no government involvement in voʊˈkæbjəˌlɛri səˈplaɪ ənd dɪˈmænd, ɛn. ðə əˈmaʊnt ʌv gʊdz ənd ˈsərvəsəz əˈveɪləbəl tu baɪ kəmˈpɛrd wɪð ðə əˈmaʊnt ðæt ˈpipəl wɑnt tu baɪ laissez-faire*, ɛn. ə fəˈlɑsəfi ðæt kɔlz fɔr ˈvɛri ˈlɪtəl ɔr noʊ ˈgʌvərnmənt ˌɪnˈvɑlvmənt ɪn 词汇供给和需求,n。可供购买的商品和服务的数量与人们想要购买的数量相比 自由放任,n。一种要求政府很少或根本不参与的理念
Division of Labor Adam Smith also wrote about the division of labor. dɪˈvɪʒən ʌv ˈleɪbər ˈædəm smɪθ ˈɔlsoʊ roʊt əˈbaʊt ðə dɪˈvɪʒən ʌv ˈleɪbər. 劳动分工 亚当·斯密也写过关于劳动分工的文章。 Imagine, Smith said, that one person alone was trying to make pins to sell. ˌɪˈmæʤən, smɪθ sɛd, ðæt wʌn ˈpərsən əˈloʊn wɑz traɪɪŋ tu meɪk pɪnz tu sɛl. 想象一下,史密斯说,只有一个人试图制作图钉来销售。 He would have his hands full. hi wʊd hæv hɪz hændz fʊl. 他会忙得不可开交。 Making a single pin would be quite complicated: smelting the metal, drawing the wire, cutting it, and sharpening it, then packaging a bunch of pins, taking them to market, dealing with and costly process. ˈmeɪkɪŋ ə ˈsɪŋgəl pɪn wʊd bi kwaɪt ˈkɑmpləˌkeɪtəd: sˈmɛltɪŋ ðə ˈmɛtəl, drɔɪŋ ðə waɪər, ˈkʌtɪŋ ɪt, ənd ˈʃɑrpənɪŋ ɪt, ðɛn ˈpækɪʤɪŋ ə bʌnʧ ʌv pɪnz, ˈteɪkɪŋ ðɛm tu ˈmɑrkət, ˈdilɪŋ wɪð ənd ˈkɑstli ˈprɑˌsɛs. 制作一个别针会相当复杂:熔炼金属、拉线、切割、磨锐,然后包装一串别针,将它们推向市场,处理和昂贵的过程。 There had to be a better, more efficient way. ðɛr hæd tu bi ə ˈbɛtər, mɔr ɪˈfɪʃənt weɪ. 必须有更好、更有效的方法。 What if several people all worked together under one roof in a pin factory? wʌt ɪf ˈsɛvərəl ˈpipəl ɔl wərkt təˈgɛðər ˈʌndər wʌn ruf ɪn ə pɪn ˈfæktəri? 如果几个人都在一家别针工厂的一个屋檐下一起工作会怎样? Each person would specialize in a different step in the process. iʧ ˈpərsən wʊd ˈspɛʃəˌlaɪz ɪn ə ˈdɪfərənt stɛp ɪn ðə ˈprɑˌsɛs. 每个人都会专注于流程中的不同步骤。 Each person would be an expert for one part of the process of making pins. iʧ ˈpərsən wʊd bi æn ˈɛkspərt fɔr wʌn pɑrt ʌv ðə ˈprɑˌsɛs ʌv ˈmeɪkɪŋ pɪnz. 每个人都将成为别针制作过程中某一部分的专家。 This would be a division of labor. ðɪs wʊd bi ə dɪˈvɪʒən ʌv ˈleɪbər. 这将是一种分工。 Smith saw how workers in a pin factory could produce many more pins much faster than a single pin-maker could all alone in a little shop. smɪθ sɔ haʊ ˈwərkərz ɪn ə pɪn ˈfæktəri kʊd prəˈdus ˈmɛni mɔr pɪnz mʌʧ ˈfæstər ðæn ə ˈsɪŋgəl pin-maker* kʊd ɔl əˈloʊn ɪn ə ˈlɪtəl ʃɑp. 史密斯看到,别针工厂的工人生产的别针数量远远超过一个小店里一个单独的别针制造商的生产速度。 Factory pins would cost much less. ˈfæktəri pɪnz wʊd kɑst mʌʧ lɛs. 工厂别针的成本要低得多。 They might even be better pins. ðeɪ maɪt ˈivɪn bi ˈbɛtər pɪnz. 它们甚至可能是更好的别针。 The consumer would benefit. ðə kənˈsumər wʊd ˈbɛnəfɪt. 消费者将受益。 And so would the capitalist who owned the factory. ənd soʊ wʊd ðə ˈkæpətəlɪst hu oʊnd ðə ˈfæktəri. 拥有工厂的资本家也是如此。 In fact, What should the capitalist do with this profit? ɪn fækt, wʌt ʃʊd ðə ˈkæpətəlɪst du wɪð ðɪs ˈprɑfət? 事实上,资本家应该用这笔利润做什么呢? Smith argued that the profit should be used to make more profit. smɪθ ˈɑrgjud ðæt ðə ˈprɑfət ʃʊd bi juzd tu meɪk mɔr ˈprɑfət. 史密斯争辩说,利润应该用来赚取更多的利润。 A pin-factory owner, for example, might use his profit to build up a supply of metal, or buy some new tools to improve production. ə pin-factory* ˈoʊnər, fɔr ɪgˈzæmpəl, maɪt jus hɪz ˈprɑfət tu bɪld ʌp ə səˈplaɪ ʌv ˈmɛtəl, ɔr baɪ sʌm nu tulz tu ˌɪmˈpruv prəˈdʌkʃən. 例如,别针厂老板可能会用他的利润来增加金属供应,或者购买一些新工具来提高产量。 Or maybe he would expand his business and begin to produce seemed to be a good way to gain even more profit. ɔr ˈmeɪbi hi wʊd ɪkˈspænd hɪz ˈbɪznəs ənd bɪˈgɪn tu prəˈdus simd tu bi ə gʊd weɪ tu geɪn ˈivɪn mɔr ˈprɑfət. 又或者他扩大自己的生意,开始生产似乎是获得更多利润的好方法。 It seemed that the sky was the limit! ɪt simd ðæt ðə skaɪ wɑz ðə ˈlɪmət! 似乎天无绝人之路! Vocabulary division of labor, n. the breakdown of work into specific tasks performed by different people; often considered a way to make workers more efficient voʊˈkæbjəˌlɛri dɪˈvɪʒən ʌv ˈleɪbər, ɛn. ðə ˈbreɪkˌdaʊn ʌv wərk ˈɪntu spəˈsɪfɪk tæsks pərˈfɔrmd baɪ ˈdɪfərənt ˈpipəl; ˈɔftən kənˈsɪdərd ə weɪ tu meɪk ˈwərkərz mɔr ɪˈfɪʃənt 词汇分工,n。将工作分解为由不同人员执行的特定任务;通常被认为是一种提高工人效率的方法
Smith marveled at how a healthy and fair economy not only adjusts or manages itself but also provides for its own growth and improvement. smɪθ ˈmɑrvɛld æt haʊ ə ˈhɛlθi ənd fɛr ɪˈkɑnəmi nɑt ˈoʊnli əˈʤʌsts ɔr ˈmænɪʤɪz ˌɪtˈsɛlf bʌt ˈɔlsoʊ prəˈvaɪdz fɔr ɪts oʊn groʊθ ənd ˌɪmˈpruvmənt. 史密斯惊叹于健康和公平的经济如何不仅能够自我调整或管理,而且还能促进自身的增长和改善。 By stressing the importance of a free market and showing how greater efficiency of production would produce a higher standard of living, Adam Smith became a great supporter of widespread industrialization and the spread of capitalism. baɪ ˈstrɛsɪŋ ðə ˌɪmˈpɔrtəns ʌv ə fri ˈmɑrkət ənd ʃoʊɪŋ haʊ ˈgreɪtər ɪˈfɪʃənsi ʌv prəˈdʌkʃən wʊd prəˈdus ə haɪər ˈstændərd ʌv ˈlɪvɪŋ, ˈædəm smɪθ bɪˈkeɪm ə greɪt səˈpɔrtər ʌv ˈwaɪdˈsprɛd ˌɪnˌdəstriəlɪˈzeɪʃən ənd ðə sprɛd ʌv ˈkæpɪtəˌlɪzəm. 通过强调自由市场的重要性并展示更高的生产效率如何带来更高的生活水平,亚当·斯密成为广泛工业化和资本主义传播的大力支持者。 Thanks in part to him, our world has never been the same since. θæŋks ɪn pɑrt tu hɪm, aʊər wərld hæz ˈnɛvər bɪn ðə seɪm sɪns. 部分归功于他,我们的世界从那以后再也不一样了。 Workers in this shoe factory concentrated on separate, specific tasks. ˈwərkərz ɪn ðɪs ʃu ˈfæktəri ˈkɑnsənˌtreɪtəd ɑn ˈsɛpərˌeɪt, spəˈsɪfɪk tæsks. 这家鞋厂的工人们专注于不同的、具体的任务。
Chapter 7 Living in the Industrial Era Growing Gap Between Rich and Poor As the Industrial Revolution spread, many people became very rich. ˈʧæptər 7 ˈlɪvɪŋ ɪn ðə ˌɪnˈdʌstriəl ˈɛrə groʊɪŋ gæp bɪtˈwin rɪʧ ənd pur æz ðə ˌɪnˈdʌstriəl ˌrɛvəˈluʃən sprɛd, ˈmɛni ˈpipəl bɪˈkeɪm ˈvɛri rɪʧ. 第七章 生活在工业时代 贫富差距越来越大 随着工业革命的蔓延,许多人变得非常富有。 Many more, however, stayed quite poor and lived in misery. ˈmɛni mɔr, ˌhaʊˈɛvər, steɪd kwaɪt pur ənd lɪvd ɪn ˈmɪzəri. 然而,更多的人仍然很穷,生活在痛苦中。 The gap between rich and poor grew at an alarming rate. ðə gæp bɪtˈwin rɪʧ ənd pur gru æt æn əˈlɑrmɪŋ reɪt. 贫富差距以惊人的速度扩大。 Stories about hard-hearted factory owners and struggling workers trying to earn a living tell us just how hard these times were. ˈstɔriz əˈbaʊt hard-hearted* ˈfæktəri ˈoʊnərz ənd ˈstrʌgəlɪŋ ˈwərkərz traɪɪŋ tu ərn ə ˈlɪvɪŋ tɛl ʌs ʤʌst haʊ hɑrd ðiz taɪmz wər. 关于冷酷无情的工厂主和努力谋生的苦苦挣扎的工人的故事告诉我们那个时代有多么艰难。 No one described living and working conditions more powerfully than the British writer Charles Dickens. noʊ wʌn dɪˈskraɪbd ˈlɪvɪŋ ənd ˈwərkɪŋ kənˈdɪʃənz mɔr ˈpaʊərfli ðæn ðə ˈbrɪtɪʃ ˈraɪtər ʧɑrlz ˈdɪkənz. 没有人比英国作家查尔斯狄更斯更有力地描述了生活和工作条件。 Charles Dickens Dickens knew firsthand what it meant to be poor. ʧɑrlz ˈdɪkənz ˈdɪkənz nu fərˈsthænd wʌt ɪt mɛnt tu bi pur. 查尔斯狄更斯狄更斯亲身体验过贫穷意味着什么。 Born in Portsmouth, England, in 1812, Dickens lived comfortably enough until he was twelve. bɔrn ɪn ˈpɔrtsməθ, ˈɪŋglənd, ɪn 1812 ˈdɪkənz lɪvd ˈkʌmfərtəbli ɪˈnʌf ənˈtɪl hi wɑz twɛlv. 狄更斯 1812 年出生于英国朴茨茅斯,十二岁之前一直过着舒适的生活。 However, his father's bad management of the family's finances led to disaster. ˌhaʊˈɛvər, hɪz ˈfɑðərz bæd ˈmænəʤmənt ʌv ðə ˈfæməliz fɪˈnænsɪz lɛd tu dɪˈzæstər. 然而,父亲对家庭财务的不善管理导致了灾难。 Because his father couldn't pay the family's bills, Charles had to quit school and go to work in a factory. bɪˈkɔz hɪz ˈfɑðər ˈkʊdənt peɪ ðə ˈfæməliz bɪlz, ʧɑrlz hæd tu kwɪt skul ənd goʊ tu wərk ɪn ə ˈfæktəri. 因为他的父亲无力支付家里的账单,查尔斯不得不辍学去一家工厂工作。 His father, mother, and younger brothers and sisters were all sent to debtors' prison until the family could pay their bills. hɪz ˈfɑðər, ˈmʌðər, ənd ˈjʌŋgər ˈbrʌðərz ənd ˈsɪstərz wər ɔl sɛnt tu ˈdɛtərz' ˈprɪzən ənˈtɪl ðə ˈfæməli kʊd peɪ ðɛr bɪlz. 他的父亲、母亲和弟弟妹妹都被送进了欠债人监狱,直到一家人还清债务为止。 Vocabulary "debtors' prison," (phrase) a jail for people who could not pay money that they owed The Big Question What were the advantages and disadvantages of the industrial era? voʊˈkæbjəˌlɛri "ˈdɛtərz' ˈprɪzən," (freɪz) ə ʤeɪl fɔr ˈpipəl hu kʊd nɑt peɪ ˈmʌni ðæt ðeɪ oʊd ðə bɪg kˈwɛsʧən wʌt wər ðə ædˈvæntɪʤɪz ənd ˌdɪsədˈvæntɪʤɪz ʌv ðə ˌɪnˈdʌstriəl ˈɛrə? 词汇“债务人监狱”,(短语)关押那些无力偿还欠款的人的监狱 大问题 工业时代的优点和缺点是什么?
Charles Dickens experienced firsthand what it meant to be poor. ʧɑrlz ˈdɪkənz ɪkˈspɪriənst fərˈsthænd wʌt ɪt mɛnt tu bi pur. 查尔斯·狄更斯亲身体验过贫穷意味着什么。 As a twelve-year-old, he had to go to work in a factory. æz ə twelve-year-old*, hi hæd tu goʊ tu wərk ɪn ə ˈfæktəri. 十二岁时,他不得不去一家工厂工作。
Even people who didn't read Charles Dickens's stories could see them performed as plays on the stage. ˈivɪn ˈpipəl hu ˈdɪdənt rɛd ʧɑrlz ˈdɪkənzɪz ˈstɔriz kʊd si ðɛm pərˈfɔrmd æz pleɪz ɑn ðə steɪʤ. 即使没有读过查尔斯·狄更斯的故事的人也能看到它们像戏剧一样在舞台上表演。 Thanks in part to the writings of Dickens, social reformers began working to improve living and working conditions Benjamin Disraeli One such reformer went on to become one of the most important political leaders of the 1800s. θæŋks ɪn pɑrt tu ðə ˈraɪtɪŋz ʌv ˈdɪkənz, ˈsoʊʃəl rɪˈfɔrmərz bɪˈgæn ˈwərkɪŋ tu ˌɪmˈpruv ˈlɪvɪŋ ənd ˈwərkɪŋ kənˈdɪʃənz ˈbɛnʤəmən dɪzˈreɪli wʌn sʌʧ rɪˈfɔrmər wɛnt ɑn tu bɪˈkʌm wʌn ʌv ðə moʊst ˌɪmˈpɔrtənt pəˈlɪtəkəl ˈlidərz ʌv ðə 1800s*. 部分归功于狄更斯的著作,社会改革者开始致力于改善生活和工作条件。本杰明·迪斯雷利 (Benjamin Disraeli) 就是这样一位改革者,他后来成为 1800 年代最重要的政治领袖之一。 Benjamin Disraeli (/dihz*ray*lee/) was twice elected prime minister of Great Britain. ˈbɛnʤəmən dɪzˈreɪli (/dihz*ray*lee*/) wɑz twaɪs ɪˈlɛktəd praɪm ˈmɪnəstər ʌv greɪt ˈbrɪtən. 本杰明·迪斯雷利 (/dihz*ray*lee/) 两次当选英国首相。 As the leader of the Conservative Party and Queen Victoria's favorite politician, Disraeli helped pass many laws that benefited the working classes. æz ðə ˈlidər ʌv ðə kənˈsərvətɪv ˈpɑrti ənd kwin vɪkˈtɔriəz ˈfeɪvərɪt ˌpɑləˈtɪʃən, dɪzˈreɪli hɛlpt pæs ˈmɛni lɔz ðæt ˈbɛnəˌfɪtɪd ðə ˈwərkɪŋ ˈklæsəz. 作为保守党领袖和维多利亚女王最喜欢的政治家,迪斯雷利帮助通过了许多有利于工人阶级的法律。 As a young man, Disraeli wrote novels. æz ə jʌŋ mæn, dɪzˈreɪli roʊt ˈnɑvəlz. 作为一个年轻人,迪斯雷利写了小说。 Although not as popular a writer as Dickens, Disraeli also brought attention to the poor in the Industrial Revolution. ˌɔlˈðoʊ nɑt æz ˈpɑpjələr ə ˈraɪtər æz ˈdɪkənz, dɪzˈreɪli ˈɔlsoʊ brɔt əˈtɛnʃən tu ðə pur ɪn ðə ˌɪnˈdʌstriəl ˌrɛvəˈluʃən. 虽然不像狄更斯那样受欢迎,但迪斯雷利也引起了人们对工业革命中穷人的关注。 His novel, Sybil, or The Two Nations, written in 1842, describes the gap between the rich and poor. hɪz ˈnɑvəl, ˈsɪbɪl, ɔr ðə tu ˈneɪʃənz, ˈrɪtən ɪn 1842 dɪˈskraɪbz ðə gæp bɪtˈwin ðə rɪʧ ənd pur. 他的小说《西比尔》或《两国》写于 1842 年,描述了贫富差距。 It was, he wrote, as though there were: Two nations: between whom there is no [communication] and no sympathy; who are as ignorant of each other's habits, thoughts, and feelings, as if they were dwellers in different zones or inhabitants of different planets; who are formed by a different breeding, are fed by a different food, are ordered by different manners, and are not governed by the same laws. ɪt wɑz, hi roʊt, æz ðoʊ ðɛr wər: tu ˈneɪʃənz: bɪtˈwin hum ðɛr ɪz noʊ [kəmˌjunəˈkeɪʃən] ənd noʊ ˈsɪmpəθi; hu ɑr æz ˈɪgnərənt ʌv iʧ ˈʌðərz ˈhæbəts, θɔts, ənd ˈfilɪŋz, æz ɪf ðeɪ wər dˈwɛlərz ɪn ˈdɪfərənt zoʊnz ɔr ˌɪnˈhæbɪtənts ʌv ˈdɪfərənt ˈplænəts; hu ɑr fɔrmd baɪ ə ˈdɪfərənt ˈbridɪŋ, ɑr fɛd baɪ ə ˈdɪfərənt fud, ɑr ˈɔrdərd baɪ ˈdɪfərənt ˈmænərz, ənd ɑr nɑt ˈgʌvərnd baɪ ðə seɪm lɔz. 他写道,好像有两个国家:他们之间没有[交流],也没有同情;他们对彼此的习惯、想法和感受一无所知,就好像他们是不同地区的居民或不同星球的居民一样;由不同的繁殖方式形成,以不同的食物喂养,以不同的方式进行管理,并且不受相同法律的管辖。 Disraeli worried about how the rich and poor would get along in such a divided nation. dɪzˈreɪli ˈwərid əˈbaʊt haʊ ðə rɪʧ ənd pur wʊd gɛt əˈlɔŋ ɪn sʌʧ ə dɪˈvaɪdɪd ˈneɪʃən. 迪斯雷利担心在这样一个分裂的国家中,富人和穷人将如何相处。 He and many others at the time worried about violent conflicts between rich and poor. hi ənd ˈmɛni ˈʌðərz æt ðə taɪm ˈwərid əˈbaʊt ˈvaɪələnt kənˈflɪkts bɪtˈwin rɪʧ ənd pur. 他和当时的许多人都担心贫富之间的暴力冲突。 Day-to-day stress was as much a product Vocabulary prime minister, n. the head of government in ˈdeɪtuˌdeɪ strɛs wɑz æz mʌʧ ə ˈprɑdəkt voʊˈkæbjəˌlɛri praɪm ˈmɪnəstər, ɛn. ðə hɛd ʌv ˈgʌvərnmənt ɪn 日常压力与产品一样多 词汇总理,n。政府首脑在
The Upper Class Historians learn a great deal about an era by studying how people furnished their homes, what they ate, where and how they traveled, when If you belonged to the landowning aristocracy, you would probably might spend hunting on horseback, visiting neighbors, going to balls, or Benjamin Disraeli (right) was a favorite of Britain's Queen Victoria (seated). ðə ˈʌpər klæs hɪˈstɔriənz lərn ə greɪt dil əˈbaʊt æn ˈɛrə baɪ ˈstʌdiɪŋ haʊ ˈpipəl ˈfərnɪʃt ðɛr hoʊmz, wʌt ðeɪ eɪt, wɛr ənd haʊ ðeɪ ˈtrævəld, wɛn ɪf ju bɪˈlɔŋd tu ðə landowning* ˌɛrəˈstɑkrəsi, ju wʊd ˈprɑbəˌbli maɪt spɛnd ˈhʌntɪŋ ɑn ˈhɔrsˌbæk, ˈvɪzɪtɪŋ ˈneɪbərz, goʊɪŋ tu bɔlz, ɔr ˈbɛnʤəmən dɪzˈreɪli (raɪt) wɑz ə ˈfeɪvərɪt ʌv ˈbrɪtənz kwin vɪkˈtɔriə (ˈsitəd). 上流社会的历史学家通过研究人们如何布置他们的房屋、他们吃什么、他们去哪里以及如何旅行、什么时候、如果你属于地主贵族,你可能会骑马打猎、拜访邻居、去参加舞会,或本杰明·迪斯雷利(右)是英国维多利亚女王(坐着)的最爱。
If you were a successful capitalist, you would probably work very hard managing your affairs and would try to invest most of your profits to bring in even more money. ɪf ju wər ə səkˈsɛsfəl ˈkæpətəlɪst, ju wʊd ˈprɑbəˌbli wərk ˈvɛri hɑrd ˈmænəʤɪŋ jɔr əˈfɛrz ənd wʊd traɪ tu ˌɪnˈvɛst moʊst ʌv jɔr ˈprɑfɪts tu brɪŋ ɪn ˈivɪn mɔr ˈmʌni. 如果你是一个成功的资本家,你可能会非常努力地管理你的事务,并会尝试将你的大部分利润用于投资以赚取更多的钱。 But there would probably be enough left over to live comfortably and maybe go into politics. bʌt ðɛr wʊd ˈprɑbəˌbli bi ɪˈnʌf lɛft ˈoʊvər tu laɪv ˈkʌmfərtəbli ənd ˈmeɪbi goʊ ˈɪntu ˈpɑləˌtɪks. 但是剩下的钱可能足够让他们过上舒适的生活,甚至可以从政。 Your money might not buy happiness, but it could certainly buy you a life of luxury. jɔr ˈmʌni maɪt nɑt baɪ ˈhæpinəs, bʌt ɪt kʊd ˈsərtənli baɪ ju ə laɪf ʌv ˈlʌgʒəri. 你的钱可能买不到幸福,但它肯定可以让你过上奢侈的生活。 The Middle Class work regular hours. ðə ˈmɪdəl klæs wərk ˈrɛgjələr aʊərz. 中产阶级工作时间正常。 Even though you might have some servants, too, you couldn't do whatever you wanted to do as often as a rich person might. ˈivɪn ðoʊ ju maɪt hæv sʌm ˈsərvənts, tu, ju ˈkʊdənt du ˌwəˈtɛvər ju ˈwɔntɪd tu du æz ˈɔftən æz ə rɪʧ ˈpərsən maɪt. 即使你可能也有一些仆人,但你不能像有钱人那样经常做你想做的事。 Members of the upper class had much more time for leisure activities than most other people at this time in history. ˈmɛmbərz ʌv ðə ˈʌpər klæs hæd mʌʧ mɔr taɪm fɔr ˈlɛʒər ækˈtɪvɪtiz ðæn moʊst ˈʌðər ˈpipəl æt ðɪs taɪm ɪn ˈhɪstəri. 在这个历史时期,上层阶级的成员比大多数其他人有更多的休闲时间。 Vocabulary politics, n. the activities of leaders running voʊˈkæbjəˌlɛri ˈpɑləˌtɪks, ɛn. ðə ækˈtɪvɪtiz ʌv ˈlidərz ˈrʌnɪŋ 词汇政治,n。领导活动跑步
If you were a good, hardworking, and skillful lawyer or doctor with wealthy patients, you might earn a comfortable living. ɪf ju wər ə gʊd, ˈhɑrdˌwərkɪŋ, ənd ˈskɪlfəl ˈlɔjər ɔr ˈdɑktər wɪð ˈwɛlθi ˈpeɪʃənts, ju maɪt ərn ə ˈkʌmfərtəbəl ˈlɪvɪŋ. 如果你是一位优秀、勤奋、技术娴熟的律师或医生,有富有的病人,你可能会过上舒适的生活。 If you had a shop or were a skilled craftsperson, say, a clockmaker or a fine tailor, you had to serve your customers' needs. ɪf ju hæd ə ʃɑp ɔr wər ə skɪld craftsperson*, seɪ, ə clockmaker* ɔr ə faɪn ˈteɪlər, ju hæd tu sərv jɔr ˈkʌstəmərz' nidz. 如果你有一家商店或者是一名技艺精湛的工匠,比如钟表匠或高级裁缝,你就必须满足客户的需求。 You would be working with your hands but not under the same pressures or hardships as some factory workers. ju wʊd bi ˈwərkɪŋ wɪð jɔr hændz bʌt nɑt ˈʌndər ðə seɪm ˈprɛʃərz ɔr ˈhɑrdʃɪps æz sʌm ˈfæktəri ˈwərkərz. 你会用双手工作,但不会像一些工厂工人那样承受同样的压力或艰辛。 You would probably be your own boss. ju wʊd ˈprɑbəˌbli bi jɔr oʊn bɑs. 你可能会是你自己的老板。 In your leisure time, you might be able to pursue a hobby or read. ɪn jɔr ˈlɛʒər taɪm, ju maɪt bi ˈeɪbəl tu pərˈsu ə ˈhɑbi ɔr rɛd. 在你的闲暇时间,你可以追求一种爱好或阅读。 Unlike poorer folk, you could afford the candles and the coal that would keep your rooms lit and warm in the evenings. ənˈlaɪk ˈpurər foʊk, ju kʊd əˈfɔrd ðə ˈkændəlz ənd ðə koʊl ðæt wʊd kip jɔr rumz lɪt ənd wɔrm ɪn ðə ˈivnɪŋz. 与较贫穷的人不同,你买得起蜡烛和煤,它们可以让你的房间在晚上保持明亮和温暖。 When you could, you might travel by train to the coast or take long walks in the country. wɛn ju kʊd, ju maɪt ˈtrævəl baɪ treɪn tu ðə koʊst ɔr teɪk lɔŋ wɔks ɪn ðə ˈkʌntri. 如果可能的话,您可能会乘火车去海边或在乡间散步。 Perhaps you would take an interest in the history of your town. pərˈhæps ju wʊd teɪk æn ˈɪntəˌrɛst ɪn ðə ˈhɪstəri ʌv jɔr taʊn. 也许您会对您所在城镇的历史感兴趣。 You might even become an amateur astronomer with a small telescope you made yourself. ju maɪt ˈivɪn bɪˈkʌm æn ˈæməˌʧər əˈstrɑnəmər wɪð ə smɔl ˈtɛləˌskoʊp ju meɪd jərˈsɛlf. 您甚至可以使用自己制作的小型望远镜成为一名业余天文学家。 You certainly would meet regularly with your friends in a social club or at a local tavern or inn. ju ˈsərtənli wʊd mit ˈrɛgjələrli wɪð jɔr frɛndz ɪn ə ˈsoʊʃəl klʌb ɔr æt ə ˈloʊkəl ˈtævərn ɔr ɪn. 您肯定会定期在社交俱乐部或当地的小酒馆或旅馆与您的朋友见面。 The Working Poor Only about 20 percent of all the people in the 1800s were upper class or middle class. ðə ˈwərkɪŋ pur ˈoʊnli əˈbaʊt 20 pərˈsɛnt ʌv ɔl ðə ˈpipəl ɪn ðə 1800s* wər ˈʌpər klæs ɔr ˈmɪdəl klæs. 工作穷人 在 1800 年代,只有大约 20% 的人是上层阶级或中产阶级。 What about the other 80 percent? wʌt əˈbaʊt ðə ˈʌðər 80 pərˈsɛnt? 那剩下的百分之八十呢? How did they spend their leisure time? haʊ dɪd ðeɪ spɛnd ðɛr ˈlɛʒər taɪm? 他们是怎样度过闲暇时光的? Did they even have leisure time? dɪd ðeɪ ˈivɪn hæv ˈlɛʒər taɪm? 他们有闲暇时间吗? Certainly, the poor did not have much leisure time. ˈsərtənli, ðə pur dɪd nɑt hæv mʌʧ ˈlɛʒər taɪm. 当然,穷人没有多少闲暇时间。 The poorer you were, the more you worried about putting food on the table and a roof over your head. ðə ˈpurər ju wər, ðə mɔr ju ˈwərid əˈbaʊt ˈpʌtɪŋ fud ɑn ðə ˈteɪbəl ənd ə ruf ˈoʊvər jɔr hɛd. 你越穷,你就越担心餐桌上的食物和头上的屋顶。 You had precious little time for amusements or distractions. ju hæd ˈprɛʃəs ˈlɪtəl taɪm fɔr əmˈjuzmənts ɔr dɪˈstrækʃənz. 你几乎没有宝贵的时间来娱乐或分心。 And if you were out of work with nothing to do, how could you afford anything, even the barest necessities? ənd ɪf ju wər aʊt ʌv wərk wɪð ˈnʌθɪŋ tu du, haʊ kʊd ju əˈfɔrd ˈɛniˌθɪŋ, ˈivɪn ðə ˈbɛrəst nəˈsɛsɪtiz? 如果你失业无事可做,你怎么买得起任何东西,甚至是最基本的必需品? Even if the state required children between the ages of seven and fourteen to go to school, parents often were against it. ˈivɪn ɪf ðə steɪt rikˈwaɪərd ˈʧɪldrən bɪtˈwin ðə ˈeɪʤɪz ʌv ˈsɛvən ənd ˈfɔrˈtin tu goʊ tu skul, ˈpɛrənts ˈɔftən wər əˈgɛnst ɪt. 即使国家要求 7 到 14 岁的孩子上学,父母也常常反对。 They tried to avoid any law that prevented their children from working. ðeɪ traɪd tu əˈvɔɪd ˈɛni lɔ ðæt prɪˈvɛntɪd ðɛr ˈʧɪldrən frʌm ˈwərkɪŋ. 他们试图避免任何阻止他们的孩子工作的法律。 Poor families needed whatever children could add to their pitiful income. pur ˈfæməliz ˈnidəd ˌwəˈtɛvər ˈʧɪldrən kʊd æd tu ðɛr ˈpɪtəfəl ˈɪnˌkəm. 贫穷的家庭需要任何孩子可以增加他们可怜的收入。 Despite the hardships suffered by the working poor, they did on occasion find time to enjoy life. dɪˈspaɪt ðə ˈhɑrdʃɪps ˈsʌfərd baɪ ðə ˈwərkɪŋ pur, ðeɪ dɪd ɑn əˈkeɪʒən faɪnd taɪm tu ˌɛnˈʤɔɪ laɪf. 尽管有工作的穷人饱受艰辛,但他们有时确实能抽出时间享受生活。 Music, card games, the circus, the zoo, fairs, and public time, baseball drew large crowds. mˈjuzɪk, kɑrd geɪmz, ðə ˈsərkəs, ðə zu, fɛrz, ənd ˈpʌblɪk taɪm, ˈbeɪsˈbɔl dru lɑrʤ kraʊdz. 音乐、纸牌游戏、马戏团、动物园、集市和公共时间,棒球吸引了大批观众。
There was a great contrast between the lives of the rich and the poor in Britain in the 1800s. ðɛr wɑz ə greɪt ˈkɑntræst bɪtˈwin ðə lɪvz ʌv ðə rɪʧ ənd ðə pur ɪn ˈbrɪtən ɪn ðə 1800s*. 1800年代英国的富人和穷人的生活形成了鲜明的对比。
For some people, the Industrial Revolution was a marvelous age. fɔr sʌm ˈpipəl, ðə ˌɪnˈdʌstriəl ˌrɛvəˈluʃən wɑz ə ˈmɑrvələs eɪʤ. 对于某些人来说,工业革命是一个了不起的时代。 The wonders of the Industrial Revolution were displayed in 1851, in the Crystal Palace, a British exhibition hall in London, England, that looked like a giant greenhouse. ðə ˈwʌndərz ʌv ðə ˌɪnˈdʌstriəl ˌrɛvəˈluʃən wər dɪˈspleɪd ɪn 1851 ɪn ðə ˈkrɪstəl ˈpæləs, ə ˈbrɪtɪʃ ˌɛksəˈbɪʃən hɔl ɪn ˈlʌndən, ˈɪŋglənd, ðæt lʊkt laɪk ə ʤaɪənt ˈgrinˌhaʊs. 1851年,工业革命的奇迹在英国伦敦的水晶宫展出,水晶宫看起来像一个巨大的温室。 It was built with cast-iron supports and nearly three hundred thousand panes of glass. ɪt wɑz bɪlt wɪð cast-iron* səˈpɔrts ənd ˈnɪrli θri ˈhʌndrəd ˈθaʊzənd peɪnz ʌv glæs. 它是用铸铁支架和近三十万块玻璃建造的。
Chapter 8 Protesting Industrialization "Long live King Ludd! ˈʧæptər 8 prəˈtɛstɪŋ ˌɪnˌdəstriəlɪˈzeɪʃən "lɔŋ laɪv kɪŋ ludd*! 第八章 抗议工业化 《路德王万岁! Long live our king!" lɔŋ laɪv aʊər kɪŋ!" 我们的国王万岁!” Just around midnight, twelve masked men broke down a door and ran shouting into a dark factory. ʤʌst əraʊnd ˈmɪdˌnaɪt, twɛlv mæskt mɛn broʊk daʊn ə dɔr ənd ræn ˈʃaʊtɪŋ ˈɪntu ə dɑrk ˈfæktəri. 将近午夜时分,十二名蒙面男子破门而入,大喊大叫地跑进了一家漆黑的工厂。 Swinging lead pipes and hammers, they attacked the weaving machines with such fury you might have thought the machines were evil monsters. sˈwɪŋɪŋ lɛd paɪps ənd ˈhæmərz, ðeɪ əˈtækt ðə ˈwivɪŋ məˈʃinz wɪð sʌʧ fˈjʊri ju maɪt hæv θɔt ðə məˈʃinz wər ˈivəl ˈmɑnstərz. 他们挥舞着铅管和锤子,猛烈地攻击着织布机,让人以为这些织布机是邪恶的怪物。 That's exactly what the men thought. ðæts ɪgˈzæktli wʌt ðə mɛn θɔt. 这正是男人们的想法。 For good measure, after they finished, the men set the building on fire. fɔr gʊd ˈmɛʒər, ˈæftər ðeɪ ˈfɪnɪʃt, ðə mɛn sɛt ðə ˈbɪldɪŋ ɑn faɪər. 为了更好地衡量,在他们完成后,这些人放火烧了建筑物。 It was 1812. ɪt wɑz 1812 那是 1812 年。 The Luddites had struck again. ðə ˈlʌˌdaɪts hæd strʌk əˈgɛn. 卢德分子再次发动袭击。 Why did these desperate Englishmen think that weaving machines were their enemies? waɪ dɪd ðiz ˈdɛsprɪt ˌɛŋˈlɪʃmən θɪŋk ðæt ˈwivɪŋ məˈʃinz wər ðɛr ˈɛnəmiz? 为什么这些绝望的英国人认为织布机是他们的敌人? What had happened to them? wʌt hæd ˈhæpənd tu ðɛm? 他们怎么了? Who was King Ludd, anyway? hu wɑz kɪŋ ludd*, ˈɛniˌweɪ? 到底谁是路德王? The answers to these questions have to do with a protest movement against industrialization. ðə ˈænsərz tu ðiz kˈwɛsʧənz hæv tu du wɪð ə ˈproʊˌtɛst ˈmuvmənt əˈgɛnst ˌɪnˌdəstriəlɪˈzeɪʃən. 这些问题的答案与反对工业化的抗议运动有关。 Vocabulary Luddite, n. in the early 1800s, a person who protested against industrialization by destroying machines and factories; today, the word refers to someone who is opposed to new ideas or technologies The Big Question Why did workers begin to organize themselves into groups? voʊˈkæbjəˌlɛri ˈlʌˌdaɪt, ɛn. ɪn ðə ˈərli 1800s*, ə ˈpərsən hu prəˈtɛstəd əˈgɛnst ˌɪnˌdəstriəlɪˈzeɪʃən baɪ dɪˈstrɔɪɪŋ məˈʃinz ənd ˈfæktəriz; təˈdeɪ, ðə wərd rəˈfərz tu ˈsʌmˌwən hu ɪz əˈpoʊzd tu nu aɪˈdiəz ɔr tɛkˈnɑləʤiz ðə bɪg kˈwɛsʧən waɪ dɪd ˈwərkərz bɪˈgɪn tu ˈɔrgəˌnaɪz ðɛmˈsɛlvz ˈɪntu grups? 词汇 Luddite,n。 1800年代初期,一个人通过破坏机器和工厂来抗议工业化;今天,这个词指的是反对新思想或新技术的人。 大问题 为什么工人开始组织起来?
Not everyone thought that the coming of the Industrial Age was a good thing. nɑt ˈɛvriˌwən θɔt ðæt ðə ˈkʌmɪŋ ʌv ðə ˌɪnˈdʌstriəl eɪʤ wɑz ə gʊd θɪŋ. 并不是所有人都认为工业时代的到来是件好事。 The Luddites destroyed machines and factories to show their anger at the miseries caused by the Industrial Revolution. ðə ˈlʌˌdaɪts dɪˈstrɔɪd məˈʃinz ənd ˈfæktəriz tu ʃoʊ ðɛr ˈæŋgər æt ðə ˈmɪzəriz kɑzd baɪ ðə ˌɪnˈdʌstriəl ˌrɛvəˈluʃən. 卢德分子摧毁机器和工厂,以表达他们对工业革命造成的苦难的愤怒。
Stopping "Progress" Like most great changes in history, the Industrial Revolution created winners and losers. ˈstɑpɪŋ "ˈprɑˌgrɛs" laɪk moʊst greɪt ˈʧeɪnʤəz ɪn ˈhɪstəri, ðə ˌɪnˈdʌstriəl ˌrɛvəˈluʃən kriˈeɪtəd ˈwɪnərz ənd ˈluzərz. 停止“进步” 与历史上大多数重大变革一样,工业革命创造了赢家和输家。 The winners were the industrialists who founded successful factories and, to a lesser extent, the consumers who were able to buy cheaper goods. ðə ˈwɪnərz wər ðə ˌɪnˈdʌstriəlɪsts hu ˈfaʊndɪd səkˈsɛsfəl ˈfæktəriz ənd, tu ə ˈlɛsər ɪkˈstɛnt, ðə kənˈsumərz hu wər ˈeɪbəl tu baɪ ˈʧipər gʊdz. 赢家是建立成功工厂的实业家,在较小程度上是能够购买更便宜商品的消费者。 The losers included unskilled workers, many of whom had to endure exhausting and dangerous working conditions, and skilled workers, many of whom were replaced by machines. ðə ˈluzərz ˌɪnˈkludəd ənˈskɪld ˈwərkərz, ˈmɛni ʌv hum hæd tu ɛnˈdjʊr ɪgˈzɔstɪŋ ənd ˈdeɪnʤərəs ˈwərkɪŋ kənˈdɪʃənz, ənd skɪld ˈwərkərz, ˈmɛni ʌv hum wər ˌriˈpleɪst baɪ məˈʃinz. 输家包括非技术工人,其中许多人不得不忍受疲惫和危险的工作条件,以及技术工人,其中许多人被机器取代。 The winners hailed industrialism as "progress," but many of the losers condemned it as unfair, and even wicked. ðə ˈwɪnərz heɪld industrialism* æz "ˈprɑˌgrɛs," bʌt ˈmɛni ʌv ðə ˈluzərz kənˈdɛmd ɪt æz ənˈfɛr, ənd ˈivɪn ˈwɪkəd. 赢家称赞工业主义是“进步”,但许多输家则谴责它不公平,甚至是邪恶的。 If this was "progress," they were opposed to it. ɪf ðɪs wɑz "ˈprɑˌgrɛs," ðeɪ wər əˈpoʊzd tu ɪt. 如果这是“进步”,他们会反对。 Some of those on the losing side of progress believed that something extreme had to be done to stop industrialism. sʌm ʌv ðoʊz ɑn ðə ˈluzɪŋ saɪd ʌv ˈprɑˌgrɛs bɪˈlivd ðæt ˈsʌmθɪŋ ɪkˈstrim hæd tu bi dʌn tu stɑp industrialism*. 一些处于进步失败一方的人认为,必须采取一些极端措施来阻止工业主义。 They believed that the machines had put them out of work and made their lives miserable, and they hated the machines with a passion. ðeɪ bɪˈlivd ðæt ðə məˈʃinz hæd pʊt ðɛm aʊt ʌv wərk ənd meɪd ðɛr lɪvz ˈmɪzərəbəl, ənd ðeɪ ˈheɪtəd ðə məˈʃinz wɪð ə ˈpæʃən. 他们认为是机器让他们失业,让他们的生活变得悲惨,他们对机器充满了仇恨。 Their anger went back to the earliest days of the Industrial Revolution. ðɛr ˈæŋgər wɛnt bæk tu ðə ˈərliəst deɪz ʌv ðə ˌɪnˈdʌstriəl ˌrɛvəˈluʃən. 他们的愤怒可以追溯到工业革命初期。 Women and children provided cheap labor and enabled factory owners to make greater profits. ˈwɪmən ənd ˈʧɪldrən prəˈvaɪdəd ʧip ˈleɪbər ənd ɛˈneɪbəld ˈfæktəri ˈoʊnərz tu meɪk ˈgreɪtər ˈprɑfɪts. 妇女和儿童提供了廉价劳动力,使工厂主能够赚取更多利润。 Vocabulary industrialism, n. the organization of society around an economy based on the use of machines and factories voʊˈkæbjəˌlɛri industrialism*, ɛn. ðə ˌɔrgənəˈzeɪʃən ʌv soʊˈsaɪɪti əraʊnd æn ɪˈkɑnəmi beɪst ɑn ðə jus ʌv məˈʃinz ənd ˈfæktəriz 词汇工业主义,n。围绕基于机器和工厂使用的经济的社会组织
At first, workingmen's associations used membership dues (often only a penny or two per month) to help cover the funeral costs of a member who had died on the job. æt fərst, workingmen's* əˌsoʊsiˈeɪʃənz juzd ˈmɛmbərˌʃɪp duz (ˈɔftən ˈoʊnli ə ˈpɛni ɔr tu pər mʌnθ) tu hɛlp ˈkʌvər ðə fˈjunərəl kɑsts ʌv ə ˈmɛmbər hu hæd daɪd ɑn ðə ʤɑb. 起初,工人协会使用会费(通常每月只有一两便士)来帮助支付死于工作的成员的丧葬费。 They also helped struggling widows and orphans. ðeɪ ˈɔlsoʊ hɛlpt ˈstrʌgəlɪŋ ˈwɪdoʊz ənd ˈɔrfənz. 他们还帮助陷入困境的寡妇和孤儿。 Sometimes the associations would support community projects or organize a summer picnic. səmˈtaɪmz ðə əˌsoʊsiˈeɪʃənz wʊd səˈpɔrt kəmˈjunəti ˈprɑʤɛkts ɔr ˈɔrgəˌnaɪz ə ˈsʌmər ˈpɪkˌnɪk. 有时协会会支持社区项目或组织夏季野餐。 They might sponsor a sports team or a marching band. ðeɪ maɪt ˈspɑnsər ə spɔrts tim ɔr ə ˈmɑrʧɪŋ bænd. 他们可能赞助一支运动队或一支军乐队。 Strikes Gradually, these associations began voicing concerns about their working conditions and pay to their employers and even to the government. straɪks ˈgræʤuəli, ðiz əˌsoʊsiˈeɪʃənz bɪˈgæn ˈvɔɪsɪŋ kənˈsərnz əˈbaʊt ðɛr ˈwərkɪŋ kənˈdɪʃənz ənd peɪ tu ðɛr ɛmˈplɔɪərz ənd ˈivɪn tu ðə ˈgʌvərnmənt. 罢工 渐渐地,这些协会开始表达对他们的工作条件和支付给雇主甚至政府的担忧。 They reasoned that they would be stronger if they stuck together to voice their common complaints and demands. ðeɪ ˈrizənd ðæt ðeɪ wʊd bi ˈstrɔŋgər ɪf ðeɪ stʌk təˈgɛðər tu vɔɪs ðɛr ˈkɑmən kəmˈpleɪnts ənd dɪˈmændz. 他们认为,如果他们团结起来表达共同的抱怨和要求,他们会变得更强大。 It was a risky business. ɪt wɑz ə ˈrɪski ˈbɪznəs. 这是一项冒险的工作。 The owners fired many workers who were thought to be organizers or troublemakers. ðə ˈoʊnərz faɪərd ˈmɛni ˈwərkərz hu wər θɔt tu bi ˈɔrgəˌnaɪzərz ɔr ˈtrʌbəlˌmeɪkərz. 业主解雇了许多被认为是组织者或麻烦制造者的工人。 Often, a worker's name was passed around to other owners, and the person would never be hired again. ˈɔftən, ə ˈwərkərz neɪm wɑz pæst əraʊnd tu ˈʌðər ˈoʊnərz, ənd ðə ˈpərsən wʊd ˈnɛvər bi haɪərd əˈgɛn. 通常,工人的名字会传给其他业主,此人将永远不会被再次雇用。 Quite often, going on strike did not achieve the desired outcome. kwaɪt ˈɔftən, goʊɪŋ ɑn straɪk dɪd nɑt əˈʧiv ðə dɪˈzaɪərd ˈaʊtˌkəm. 很多时候,罢工并没有达到预期的结果。 And sometimes, strikers lost their jobs. ənd səmˈtaɪmz, ˈstraɪkərz lɔst ðɛr ʤɑbz. 有时,罢工者失去了工作。 Vocabulary dues, n. money paid to an organization to become a member of that organization voʊˈkæbjəˌlɛri duz, ɛn. ˈmʌni peɪd tu æn ˌɔrgənəˈzeɪʃən tu bɪˈkʌm ə ˈmɛmbər ʌv ðæt ˌɔrgənəˈzeɪʃən 词汇费,n。支付给组织以成为该组织成员的钱
Chapter 9 Robert Owen Changes Some factory owners were fair and kind toward their workers. ˈʧæptər 9 ˈrɑbərt oʊən ˈʧeɪnʤəz sʌm ˈfæktəri ˈoʊnərz wər fɛr ənd kaɪnd təˈwɔrd ðɛr ˈwərkərz. 第 9 章罗伯特·欧文的改变 一些工厂主对他们的工人公平而友善。 One of the fairest and kindest was Robert Owen, perhaps because he worked for a kind cloth seller as a boy. wʌn ʌv ðə ˈfɛrɪst ənd ˈkaɪndəst wɑz ˈrɑbərt oʊən, pərˈhæps bɪˈkɔz hi wərkt fɔr ə kaɪnd klɔθ ˈsɛlər æz ə bɔɪ. 其中最公平、最善良的是罗伯特欧文,也许是因为他小时候为一位善良的布料商工作。 Owen was born in Newtown, Wales, in 1771. oʊən wɑz bɔrn ɪn ˈnuˌtaʊn, weɪlz, ɪn 1771 欧文于 1771 年出生于威尔士的纽敦。 Although he only went to school until he was ten, he loved to read. ˌɔlˈðoʊ hi ˈoʊnli wɛnt tu skul ənˈtɪl hi wɑz tɛn, hi lʌvd tu rɛd. 虽然他十岁才上学,但他喜欢读书。 Often, young Robert was found in his employer's private library. ˈɔftən, jʌŋ ˈrɑbərt wɑz faʊnd ɪn hɪz ɛmˈplɔɪərz ˈpraɪvət ˈlaɪbrɛˌri. 通常,人们会在雇主的私人图书馆中找到年轻的罗伯特。 By the age of nineteen, Robert Owen was superintendent of a large cotton mill in Manchester. baɪ ðə eɪʤ ʌv ˈnaɪnˈtin, ˈrɑbərt oʊən wɑz ˌsupərənˈtɛndənt ʌv ə lɑrʤ ˈkɑtən mɪl ɪn ˈmænˌʧɛstər. 十九岁时,罗伯特欧文成为曼彻斯特一家大型棉纺厂的厂长。 The mill prospered when he used a fine grade of American cotton and introduced other improvements. ðə mɪl ˈprɑspərd wɛn hi juzd ə faɪn greɪd ʌv əˈmɛrɪkən ˈkɑtən ənd ˌɪntrəˈdust ˈʌðər ˌɪmˈpruvmənts. 当他使用优质的美国棉花并引入其他改进措施时,工厂蓬勃发展。 Soon, he became a manager and then a partner in the mill. sun, hi bɪˈkeɪm ə ˈmænəʤər ənd ðɛn ə ˈpɑrtnər ɪn ðə mɪl. 很快,他成为一名经理,然后成为工厂的合伙人。 Owen urged his partners to buy another mill in New Lanark, Scotland. oʊən ərʤd hɪz ˈpɑrtnərz tu baɪ əˈnʌðər mɪl ɪn nu lanark*, ˈskɑtlənd. 欧文敦促他的合作伙伴在苏格兰新拉纳克购买另一家工厂。 The town displayed the worst of the new industrial world: pollution, crime, bad housing, and despair among the people. ðə taʊn dɪˈspleɪd ðə wərst ʌv ðə nu ˌɪnˈdʌstriəl wərld: pəˈluʃən, kraɪm, bæd ˈhaʊzɪŋ, ənd dɪˈspɛr əˈmʌŋ ðə ˈpipəl. 这个小镇展示了新工业世界最糟糕的一面:污染、犯罪、糟糕的住房和人们的绝望。 The Big Question What did Robert Owen do to achieve better living and working conditions for people? ðə bɪg kˈwɛsʧən wʌt dɪd ˈrɑbərt oʊən du tu əˈʧiv ˈbɛtər ˈlɪvɪŋ ənd ˈwərkɪŋ kənˈdɪʃənz fɔr ˈpipəl? 大问题 罗伯特欧文做了什么来为人们创造更好的生活和工作条件?
Robert Owen was both an industrialist and a reformer. ˈrɑbərt oʊən wɑz boʊθ æn ˌɪnˈdʌstriəlɪst ənd ə rɪˈfɔrmər. 罗伯特·欧文既是实业家又是改革家。 He believed that it was the duty of factory owners to improve working conditions for people. hi bɪˈlivd ðæt ɪt wɑz ðə ˈduti ʌv ˈfæktəri ˈoʊnərz tu ˌɪmˈpruv ˈwərkɪŋ kənˈdɪʃənz fɔr ˈpipəl. 他认为改善人们的工作条件是工厂主的责任。
Improved Conditions Owen changed all that by investing in better living and working conditions. ˌɪmˈpruvd kənˈdɪʃənz oʊən ʧeɪnʤd ɔl ðæt baɪ ˌɪnˈvɛstɪŋ ɪn ˈbɛtər ˈlɪvɪŋ ənd ˈwərkɪŋ kənˈdɪʃənz. 改善条件欧文通过投资改善生活和工作条件改变了这一切。 In 1816, the first day-care center for small children opened. ɪn 1816 ðə fərst day-care* ˈsɛntər fɔr smɔl ˈʧɪldrən ˈoʊpənd. 1816 年,第一家幼儿日托中心成立。 Workers could buy certain things at very low prices. ˈwərkərz kʊd baɪ ˈsərtən θɪŋz æt ˈvɛri loʊ ˈpraɪsəz. 工人可以以非常低的价格购买某些东西。 He managed the sale of alcohol. hi ˈmænəʤd ðə seɪl ʌv ˈælkəˌhɑl. 他负责酒类的销售。 The workers' spirits improved, and the mill prospered. ðə ˈwərkərz' ˈspɪrɪts ˌɪmˈpruvd, ənd ðə mɪl ˈprɑspərd. 工人们的精神好转了,工厂也蒸蒸日上。 Thanks to Owen, New Lanark became a happier place to live and work. θæŋks tu oʊən, nu lanark* bɪˈkeɪm ə ˈhæpiər pleɪs tu laɪv ənd wərk. 多亏了欧文,新拉纳克成为了一个更适合生活和工作的地方。 Robert Owen began to write about his experiences and ideas for reform. ˈrɑbərt oʊən bɪˈgæn tu raɪt əˈbaʊt hɪz ɪkˈspɪriənsɪz ənd aɪˈdiəz fɔr rəˈfɔrm. 罗伯特·欧文开始写他的改革经历和想法。 In 1813, he published A New View of Society, or Essays on the Principle of the Formulation of the Human Character. ɪn 1813 hi ˈpʌblɪʃt ə nu vju ʌv soʊˈsaɪɪti, ɔr ɛˈseɪz ɑn ðə ˈprɪnsəpəl ʌv ðə ˌfɔrmjəˈleɪʃən ʌv ðə ˈhjumən ˈkɛrɪktər. 1813 年,他发表了《社会新观》或《关于人格形成原则的论文》。 In this and other writings, he argued for improved schooling. ɪn ðɪs ənd ˈʌðər ˈraɪtɪŋz, hi ˈɑrgjud fɔr ˌɪmˈpruvd ˈskulɪŋ. 在这本书和其他著作中,他主张改善学校教育。 Just as important, he argued that machines should not dominate men. ʤʌst æz ˌɪmˈpɔrtənt, hi ˈɑrgjud ðæt məˈʃinz ʃʊd nɑt ˈdɑməˌneɪt mɛn. 同样重要的是,他认为机器不应该支配人类。 Instead, Owens argued, through kindness and respect for workers, society could find harmony and peace. ˌɪnˈstɛd, oʊənz ˈɑrgjud, θru ˈkaɪndnəs ənd rɪˈspɛkt fɔr ˈwərkərz, soʊˈsaɪɪti kʊd faɪnd ˈhɑrməni ənd pis. 相反,欧文斯认为,通过对工人的善意和尊重,社会可以找到和谐与和平。 Owen devised elaborate plans for a perfect community, including many of the reforms he introduced at New Lanark. oʊən dɪˈvaɪzd ɪˈlæbrət plænz fɔr ə pərˈfɛkt kəmˈjunəti, ˌɪnˈkludɪŋ ˈmɛni ʌv ðə rəˈfɔrmz hi ˌɪntrəˈdust æt nu lanark*. 欧文为一个完美的社区制定了详尽的计划,包括他在新拉纳克推出的许多改革。 He envisioned such working and living communities all over the world. but the living and working conditions were much better than in other industrial towns hi ɛnˈvɪʒənd sʌʧ ˈwərkɪŋ ənd ˈlɪvɪŋ kəmˈjunətiz ɔl ˈoʊvər ðə wərld. bʌt ðə ˈlɪvɪŋ ənd ˈwərkɪŋ kənˈdɪʃənz wər mʌʧ ˈbɛtər ðæn ɪn ˈʌðər ˌɪnˈdʌstriəl taʊnz 他设想了这样的工作和生活社区遍布世界各地。但生活和工作条件比其他工业城镇要好得多
Some of these communities actually started up in America. sʌm ʌv ðiz kəmˈjunətiz ˈæˌkʧuəli ˈstɑrtəd ʌp ɪn əˈmɛrɪkə. 其中一些社区实际上是在美国成立的。 Owen bought thirty thousand acres in Indiana and founded the town of New Harmony. oʊən bɑt ˈθərˌdi ˈθaʊzənd ˈeɪkərz ɪn ˌɪndiˈænə ənd ˈfaʊndɪd ðə taʊn ʌv nu ˈhɑrməni. 欧文在印第安纳州购买了三万英亩土地并建立了新和谐镇。 But internal disagreements caused it to fail after three years. bʌt ˌɪnˈtərnəl ˌdɪsəˈgrimənts kɑzd ɪt tu feɪl ˈæftər θri jɪrz. 但内部分歧导致它在三年后失败了。 When Owen returned to Britain, he had lost 80 percent of his wealth. wɛn oʊən rɪˈtərnd tu ˈbrɪtən, hi hæd lɔst 80 pərˈsɛnt ʌv hɪz wɛlθ. 当欧文回到英国时,他已经失去了 80% 的财富。 Still, Owen's ideas won many followers, especially among younger workers. stɪl, oʊənz aɪˈdiəz wʌn ˈmɛni ˈfɑloʊərz, əˈspɛʃli əˈmʌŋ ˈjʌŋgər ˈwərkərz. 尽管如此,欧文的想法还是赢得了许多追随者,尤其是在年轻工人中。 They took his ideas into the union movement. ðeɪ tʊk hɪz aɪˈdiəz ˈɪntu ðə ˈjunjən ˈmuvmənt. 他们把他的想法带入了工会运动。 Robert Owen, still enthusiastic for reform, died at age eighty-two in the same town in Wales where he was born. ˈrɑbərt oʊən, stɪl ɪnˌθuziˈæstɪk fɔr rəˈfɔrm, daɪd æt eɪʤ eighty-two* ɪn ðə seɪm taʊn ɪn weɪlz wɛr hi wɑz bɔrn. 仍然热衷于改革的罗伯特欧文在他出生的威尔士同一个城镇去世,享年 82 岁。 He probably did not realize how important his leadership had been at a crucial time in the Industrial Revolution. hi ˈprɑbəˌbli dɪd nɑt ˈriəˌlaɪz haʊ ˌɪmˈpɔrtənt hɪz ˈlidərˌʃɪp hæd bɪn æt ə ˈkruʃəl taɪm ɪn ðə ˌɪnˈdʌstriəl ˌrɛvəˈluʃən. 他可能没有意识到他的领导在工业革命的关键时刻有多么重要。 Socialism Robert Owen was an early believer in socialism. ˈsoʊʃəˌlɪzəm ˈrɑbərt oʊən wɑz æn ˈərli bɪˈlivər ɪn ˈsoʊʃəˌlɪzəm. 社会主义 罗伯特·欧文是社会主义的早期信徒。 Generally, socialists believe in a system where there is government ownership of the production, Owen's ideas for improving the lives of working people traveled across the ocean to America. ˈʤɛnərəli, ˈsoʊʃəlɪsts bɪˈliv ɪn ə ˈsɪstəm wɛr ðɛr ɪz ˈgʌvərnmənt ˈoʊnərˌʃɪp ʌv ðə prəˈdʌkʃən, oʊənz aɪˈdiəz fɔr ˌɪmˈpruvɪŋ ðə lɪvz ʌv ˈwərkɪŋ ˈpipəl ˈtrævəld əˈkrɔs ðə ˈoʊʃən tu əˈmɛrɪkə. 一般来说,社会主义者相信政府对生产拥有所有权的制度,欧文改善劳动人民生活的想法漂洋过海来到了美国。 This plan is of a community called New Harmony in Indiana. ðɪs plæn ɪz ʌv ə kəmˈjunəti kɔld nu ˈhɑrməni ɪn ˌɪndiˈænə. 该计划适用于印第安纳州一个名为 New Harmony 的社区。 Vocabulary socialism, n. an economic system in which major industries are owned or regulated by the government, rather than by private businesses voʊˈkæbjəˌlɛri ˈsoʊʃəˌlɪzəm, ɛn. æn ˌɛkəˈnɑmɪk ˈsɪstəm ɪn wɪʧ ˈmeɪʤər ˈɪndəstriz ɑr oʊnd ɔr ˈrɛgjəˌleɪtəd baɪ ðə ˈgʌvərnmənt, ˈræðər ðæn baɪ ˈpraɪvət ˈbɪznəsəz 词汇社会主义,n。主要行业由政府而非私营企业拥有或监管的经济体系
distribution, and sale of products or goods. ˌdɪstrəˈbjuʃən, ənd seɪl ʌv ˈprɑdəkts ɔr gʊdz. 产品或商品的分销和销售。 In other words, the government owns and regulates certain industries or businesses for the benefit of Socialists want to prevent problems that they believe come from unchecked capitalism, such as poor treatment of workers and the gap between rich and poor. ɪn ˈʌðər wərdz, ðə ˈgʌvərnmənt oʊnz ənd ˈrɛgjəˌleɪts ˈsərtən ˈɪndəstriz ɔr ˈbɪznəsəz fɔr ðə ˈbɛnəfɪt ʌv ˈsoʊʃəlɪsts wɑnt tu prɪˈvɛnt ˈprɑbləmz ðæt ðeɪ bɪˈliv kʌm frʌm ənˈʧɛkt ˈkæpɪtəˌlɪzəm, sʌʧ æz pur ˈtritmənt ʌv ˈwərkərz ənd ðə gæp bɪtˈwin rɪʧ ənd pur. 换句话说,政府拥有和监管某些行业或企业是为了社会主义者的利益,他们希望防止他们认为来自不受约束的资本主义的问题,例如工人待遇不佳和贫富差距。 There are varying views among socialists as to how exactly this should be done. ðɛr ɑr ˈvɛriɪŋ vjuz əˈmʌŋ ˈsoʊʃəlɪsts æz tu haʊ ɪgˈzæktli ðɪs ʃʊd bi dʌn. 对于究竟应该如何做到这一点,社会主义者有不同的看法。 Many would probably argue that capitalism in its purest form can cause great harm. ˈmɛni wʊd ˈprɑbəˌbli ˈɑrgju ðæt ˈkæpɪtəˌlɪzəm ɪn ɪts ˈpjʊrəst fɔrm kæn kɑz greɪt hɑrm. 许多人可能会争辩说,最纯粹形式的资本主义会造成巨大的伤害。 Owen's hope was that capitalism could be reformed peacefully and through common agreement. oʊənz hoʊp wɑz ðæt ˈkæpɪtəˌlɪzəm kʊd bi rɪˈfɔrmd ˈpisfəli ənd θru ˈkɑmən əˈgrimənt. 欧文希望资本主义可以通过共同协议和平地进行改革。 Wealthy employers, he thought, would voluntarily share their wealth with the workers, just as he did. ˈwɛlθi ɛmˈplɔɪərz, hi θɔt, wʊd ˌvɑlənˈtɛrəli ʃɛr ðɛr wɛlθ wɪð ðə ˈwərkərz, ʤʌst æz hi dɪd. 他认为,富有的雇主会像他一样,自愿与工人分享他们的财富。 His kind of socialist thinking is often called utopian. hɪz kaɪnd ʌv ˈsoʊʃəlɪst ˈθɪŋkɪŋ ɪz ˈɔftən kɔld juˈtoʊpiən. 他的这种社会主义思想通常被称为乌托邦。 A utopia is an imagined, perfect place that doesn't exist in this world. ə juˈtoʊpiə ɪz æn ˌɪˈmæʤənd, pərˈfɛkt pleɪs ðæt ˈdʌzənt ɪgˈzɪst ɪn ðɪs wərld. 乌托邦是这个世界上不存在的想象中的完美之地。 To call Owen's ideas utopian socialism implies that they are impractical. tu kɔl oʊənz aɪˈdiəz juˈtoʊpiən ˈsoʊʃəˌlɪzəm ˌɪmˈplaɪz ðæt ðeɪ ɑr ˌɪmˈpræktəkəl. 将欧文的思想称为乌托邦社会主义意味着它们是不切实际的。 Other socialists argued that the rich would only share their wealth with the poor when they were forced to do so. ˈʌðər ˈsoʊʃəlɪsts ˈɑrgjud ðæt ðə rɪʧ wʊd ˈoʊnli ʃɛr ðɛr wɛlθ wɪð ðə pur wɛn ðeɪ wər fɔrst tu du soʊ. 其他社会主义者认为,富人只有在被迫这样做时才会与穷人分享财富。 In the next chapter you will learn about Karl Marx. ɪn ðə nɛkst ˈʧæptər ju wɪl lərn əˈbaʊt kɑrl mɑrks. 在下一章中,您将了解卡尔·马克思。 More than anyone else, Marx thought there would have to be a violent revolution if real change was going to happen. mɔr ðæn ˈɛniˌwən ɛls, mɑrks θɔt ðɛr wʊd hæv tu bi ə ˈvaɪələnt ˌrɛvəˈluʃən ɪf ril ʧeɪnʤ wɑz goʊɪŋ tu ˈhæpən. 马克思比其他任何人都更认为,如果要发生真正的变化,就必须进行一场暴力革命。 It's important to understand that there is indeed a third social and political system that is neither completely socialist nor completely capitalist. ɪts ˌɪmˈpɔrtənt tu ˌəndərˈstænd ðæt ðɛr ɪz ˌɪnˈdid ə θərd ˈsoʊʃəl ənd pəˈlɪtəkəl ˈsɪstəm ðæt ɪz ˈniðər kəmˈplitli ˈsoʊʃəlɪst nɔr kəmˈplitli ˈkæpətəlɪst. 重要的是要明白,确实存在第三种既不完全社会主义也不完全资本主义的社会和政治制度。 Today across much of Europe, capitalism and socialism have been combined, or interwoven, to form what is called a social democracy. təˈdeɪ əˈkrɔs mʌʧ ʌv ˈjʊrəp, ˈkæpɪtəˌlɪzəm ənd ˈsoʊʃəˌlɪzəm hæv bɪn kəmˈbaɪnd, ɔr ˌɪntərˈwoʊvən, tu fɔrm wʌt ɪz kɔld ə ˈsoʊʃəl dɪˈmɑkrəsi. 今天,在欧洲大部分地区,资本主义和社会主义已经结合或交织在一起,形成了所谓的社会民主主义。 Quite simply, these nations have incorporated both capitalist and socialist principles into their structures of government and into their societies as a whole. kwaɪt ˈsɪmpli, ðiz ˈneɪʃənz hæv ˌɪnˈkɔrpərˌeɪtɪd boʊθ ˈkæpətəlɪst ənd ˈsoʊʃəlɪst ˈprɪnsəpəlz ˈɪntu ðɛr ˈstrʌkʧərz ʌv ˈgʌvərnmənt ənd ˈɪntu ðɛr səˈsaɪɪtiz æz ə hoʊl. 很简单,这些国家已将资本主义和社会主义原则纳入其政府结构和整个社会。 Vocabulary regulate, v. to control or place limits on utopian, adj. idealistic; usually describes beliefs about the perfect society social democracy, n. a system of representative government that uses elements of capitalism and socialism to govern the economy voʊˈkæbjəˌlɛri ˈrɛgjəˌleɪt, vi. tu kənˈtroʊl ɔr pleɪs ˈlɪməts ɑn juˈtoʊpiən, adj*. aɪˌdiəˈlɪstɪk; ˈjuʒəwəli dɪˈskraɪbz bɪˈlifs əˈbaʊt ðə pərˈfɛkt soʊˈsaɪɪti ˈsoʊʃəl dɪˈmɑkrəsi, ɛn. ə ˈsɪstəm ʌv ˌrɛprəˈzɛntətɪv ˈgʌvərnmənt ðæt ˈjusəz ˈɛləmənts ʌv ˈkæpɪtəˌlɪzəm ənd ˈsoʊʃəˌlɪzəm tu ˈgʌvərn ðə ɪˈkɑnəmi 词汇 regulate, v. 控制或限制乌托邦,adj.理想主义的;通常描述关于完美社会社会民主的信念,n。使用资本主义和社会主义元素来管理经济的代议制政府制度
Here you can see the title page of Robert Owen's A New View of Society. hir ju kæn si ðə ˈtaɪtəl peɪʤ ʌv ˈrɑbərt oʊənz ə nu vju ʌv soʊˈsaɪɪti. 在这里,您可以看到罗伯特·欧文 (Robert Owen) 的新社会观 (A New View of Society) 的扉页。
Chapter 10 Looking for a New Economic Order Good Times and Bad During good times in the industrial era, most people are able to find work. ˈʧæptər 10 ˈlʊkɪŋ fɔr ə nu ˌɛkəˈnɑmɪk ˈɔrdər gʊd taɪmz ənd bæd ˈdʊrɪŋ gʊd taɪmz ɪn ðə ˌɪnˈdʌstriəl ˈɛrə, moʊst ˈpipəl ɑr ˈeɪbəl tu faɪnd wərk. 第10章寻找新的经济秩序时好时坏在工业时代的好时期,大多数人都能找到工作。 They usually earn enough money to afford their basic needs and maybe even a bit extra for something special. ðeɪ ˈjuʒəwəli ərn ɪˈnʌf ˈmʌni tu əˈfɔrd ðɛr ˈbeɪsɪk nidz ənd ˈmeɪbi ˈivɪn ə bɪt ˈɛkstrə fɔr ˈsʌmθɪŋ ˈspɛʃəl. 他们通常赚到足够的钱来满足他们的基本需求,甚至可能多赚一些钱来买一些特别的东西。 But in bad times, with a lot of people out of work, wages tend to fall. bʌt ɪn bæd taɪmz, wɪð ə lɑt ʌv ˈpipəl aʊt ʌv wərk, ˈweɪʤəz tɛnd tu fɔl. 但在经济不景气的时候,很多人失业,工资往往会下降。 Then, workers cannot afford to buy as many of the things they need. ðɛn, ˈwərkərz ˈkænɑt əˈfɔrd tu baɪ æz ˈmɛni ʌv ðə θɪŋz ðeɪ nid. 然后,工人们买不起他们需要的东西。 This causes Laissez-faire economists, you remember, thought the capitalist system should be allowed to find its natural balance through the law of supply and demand in the marketplace. ðɪs ˈkɑzəz laissez-faire* ɪˈkɑnəmɪsts, ju rɪˈmɛmbər, θɔt ðə ˈkæpətəlɪst ˈsɪstəm ʃʊd bi əˈlaʊd tu faɪnd ɪts ˈnæʧərəl ˈbæləns θru ðə lɔ ʌv səˈplaɪ ənd dɪˈmænd ɪn ðə ˈmɑrkətˌpleɪs. 这导致自由放任的经济学家,你记得,认为资本主义制度应该被允许通过市场供求规律找到它的自然平衡。 Even if times were bad, they thought nothing should be done to affect the price of goods and services. ˈivɪn ɪf taɪmz wər bæd, ðeɪ θɔt ˈnʌθɪŋ ʃʊd bi dʌn tu əˈfɛkt ðə praɪs ʌv gʊdz ənd ˈsərvəsəz. 即使情况不佳,他们也认为不应采取任何措施来影响商品和服务的价格。 Eventually, things would get better. ɪˈvɛnʧəwəli, θɪŋz wʊd gɛt ˈbɛtər. 最终,事情会变得更好。 How? haʊ? 如何? The Big Question What factors within the capitalist system caused a degree of unpredictability in relation to the well-being ðə bɪg kˈwɛsʧən wʌt ˈfæktərz wɪˈðɪn ðə ˈkæpətəlɪst ˈsɪstəm kɑzd ə dɪˈgri ʌv ˌənprəˌdɪktəˈbɪlɪti ɪn riˈleɪʃən tu ðə ˌwɛlˈbiɪŋ 大问题 资本主义制度中的哪些因素导致了与福祉相关的一定程度的不可预测性
Typically, when the economy is strong and there are lots of jobs, people tend to spend more money. ˈtɪpɪkli, wɛn ðə ɪˈkɑnəmi ɪz strɔŋ ənd ðɛr ɑr lɑts ʌv ʤɑbz, ˈpipəl tɛnd tu spɛnd mɔr ˈmʌni. 通常,当经济强劲并且有很多工作机会时,人们往往会花更多的钱。
In the midst of economic and social misery, some daring investors will see a way to make a profit. ɪn ðə mɪdst ʌv ˌɛkəˈnɑmɪk ənd ˈsoʊʃəl ˈmɪzəri, sʌm ˈdɛrɪŋ ˌɪnˈvɛstərz wɪl si ə weɪ tu meɪk ə ˈprɑfət. 在经济和社会苦难之中,一些大胆的投资者将找到获利之道。 These investors risk their capital in new businesses and manufacturing enterprises. ðiz ˌɪnˈvɛstərz rɪsk ðɛr ˈkæpɪtəl ɪn nu ˈbɪznəsəz ənd ˌmænjəˈfækʧərɪŋ ˈɛntərˌpraɪzɪz. 这些投资者在新业务和制造企业中冒着资本风险。 This begins to put people back to work. ðɪs bɪˈgɪnz tu pʊt ˈpipəl bæk tu wərk. 这开始让人们重返工作岗位。 As workers see better times ahead and begin to spend their wages, they stimulate, or boost, the economy. æz ˈwərkərz si ˈbɛtər taɪmz əˈhɛd ənd bɪˈgɪn tu spɛnd ðɛr ˈweɪʤəz, ðeɪ ˈstɪmjəˌleɪt, ɔr bust, ðə ɪˈkɑnəmi. 当工人们看到未来的美好时光并开始花掉他们的工资时,他们就会刺激或提振经济。 Soon other capitalists see ways to make profits. sun ˈʌðər ˈkæpətəlɪsts si weɪz tu meɪk ˈprɑfɪts. 很快其他资本家就看到了赚钱的方法。 Eventually, good times return and most people are working again. can the prices of all kinds of goods and necessities. ɪˈvɛnʧəwəli, gʊd taɪmz rɪˈtərn ənd moʊst ˈpipəl ɑr ˈwərkɪŋ əˈgɛn. kæn ðə ˈpraɪsəz ʌv ɔl kaɪndz ʌv gʊdz ənd nəˈsɛsɪtiz. 最终,好时光又回来了,大多数人又开始工作了。可以各种商品和必需品的价格。 This is because of a number of factors, including the law of supply and demand. ðɪs ɪz bɪˈkɔz ʌv ə ˈnʌmbər ʌv ˈfæktərz, ˌɪnˈkludɪŋ ðə lɔ ʌv səˈplaɪ ənd dɪˈmænd. 这是由许多因素造成的,包括供求规律。 A rise in prices can set in motion something called inflation. ə raɪz ɪn ˈpraɪsəz kæn sɛt ɪn ˈmoʊʃən ˈsʌmθɪŋ kɔld ˌɪnˈfleɪʃən. 价格上涨会引发通货膨胀。 Inflation happens when the money supply in a nation is increased, which in turn decreases, or devalues, as a dollar becomes worth less, prices go up to maintain levels of profit for the manufacturers. ˌɪnˈfleɪʃən ˈhæpənz wɛn ðə ˈmʌni səˈplaɪ ɪn ə ˈneɪʃən ɪz ˌɪnˈkrist, wɪʧ ɪn tərn dɪˈkrisəz, ɔr devalues*, æz ə ˈdɑlər bɪˈkʌmz wərθ lɛs, ˈpraɪsəz goʊ ʌp tu meɪnˈteɪn ˈlɛvəlz ʌv ˈprɑfət fɔr ðə ˌmænjəˈfækʧərərz. 通货膨胀发生在一个国家的货币供应量增加时,货币供应量反过来减少或贬值,因为美元变得不值钱,价格上涨以维持制造商的利润水平。 And so people have to spend more money to purchase things. ənd soʊ ˈpipəl hæv tu spɛnd mɔr ˈmʌni tu ˈpərʧəs θɪŋz. 所以人们不得不花更多的钱来买东西。 Eventually, it becomes more difficult for capitalists to make a profit and compete in the marketplace. ɪˈvɛnʧəwəli, ɪt bɪˈkʌmz mɔr ˈdɪfəkəlt fɔr ˈkæpətəlɪsts tu meɪk ə ˈprɑfət ənd kəmˈpit ɪn ðə ˈmɑrkətˌpleɪs. 最终,资本家在市场上获利和竞争变得更加困难。 Their businesses fail. ðɛr ˈbɪznəsəz feɪl. 他们的生意失败了。 They lay off workers. ðeɪ leɪ ɔf ˈwərkərz. 他们解雇工人。 Then, prices fall. ðɛn, ˈpraɪsəz fɔl. 然后,价格下跌。 The economy starts to swing back down again. ðə ɪˈkɑnəmi stɑrts tu swɪŋ bæk daʊn əˈgɛn. 经济又开始回落。 Now, we're back again where we high employment and prosperity alternating with periods of low employment hard to predict when the first snow will fall in winter or when the first blade of grass will begin to grow in spring, but you still know that winter and spring are going to happen. naʊ, wir bæk əˈgɛn wɛr wi haɪ ɛmˈplɔɪmənt ənd prɑˈspɛrəti ˈɔltərˌneɪtɪŋ wɪð ˈpɪriədz ʌv loʊ ɛmˈplɔɪmənt hɑrd tu prɪˈdɪkt wɛn ðə fərst snoʊ wɪl fɔl ɪn ˈwɪntər ɔr wɛn ðə fərst bleɪd ʌv græs wɪl bɪˈgɪn tu groʊ ɪn sprɪŋ, bʌt ju stɪl noʊ ðæt ˈwɪntər ənd sprɪŋ ɑr goʊɪŋ tu ˈhæpən. 现在,我们又回到了高就业和繁荣与低就业时期交替的地方,很难预测冬天的第一场雪何时落下或春天的第一片草叶何时开始生长,但你仍然知道那个冬天春天即将到来。 Most economists made a similar argument about business cycles. moʊst ɪˈkɑnəmɪsts meɪd ə ˈsɪmələr ˈɑrgjəmənt əˈbaʊt ˈbɪznəs ˈsaɪkəlz. 大多数经济学家对商业周期提出了类似的论点。 They could not say for sure when the cycles would begin and end, but they felt sure that these cycles would continue. ðeɪ kʊd nɑt seɪ fɔr ʃʊr wɛn ðə ˈsaɪkəlz wʊd bɪˈgɪn ənd ɛnd, bʌt ðeɪ fɛlt ʃʊr ðæt ðiz ˈsaɪkəlz wʊd kənˈtɪnju. 他们无法确定周期何时开始和结束,但他们确信这些周期会继续下去。 Philosophers, economists, social reformers, religious leaders, and many politicians worried about these business cycles, about the poor, about Vocabulary investor, n. a person who puts money into a business with the goal of later making a profit inflation, n. a rise the purchasing value of money fəˈlɑsəfərz, ɪˈkɑnəmɪsts, ˈsoʊʃəl rɪˈfɔrmərz, rɪˈlɪʤəs ˈlidərz, ənd ˈmɛni ˌpɑləˈtɪʃənz ˈwərid əˈbaʊt ðiz ˈbɪznəs ˈsaɪkəlz, əˈbaʊt ðə pur, əˈbaʊt voʊˈkæbjəˌlɛri ˌɪnˈvɛstər, ɛn. ə ˈpərsən hu pʊts ˈmʌni ˈɪntu ə ˈbɪznəs wɪð ðə goʊl ʌv ˈleɪtər ˈmeɪkɪŋ ə ˈprɑfət ˌɪnˈfleɪʃən, ɛn. ə raɪz ðə ˈpərʧəsɪŋ ˈvælju ʌv ˈmʌni 哲学家、经济学家、社会改革家、宗教领袖和许多政治家都为这些商业周期、穷人、投资者担心。将钱投入企业的人,其目标是以后使利润膨胀,n。货币购买价值上升
they wondered, to establish social harmony? ðeɪ ˈwʌndərd, tu ɪˈstæblɪʃ ˈsoʊʃəl ˈhɑrməni? 他们想知道,建立社会和谐? Could we ever overcome the feeling of being controlled by impersonal forces? kʊd wi ˈɛvər ˈoʊvərˌkəm ðə ˈfilɪŋ ʌv biɪŋ kənˈtroʊld baɪ ˌɪmˈpərsənəl ˈfɔrsɪz? 我们能否克服被非个人力量控制的感觉? Can a modern economy avoid these business cycles? kæn ə ˈmɑdərn ɪˈkɑnəmi əˈvɔɪd ðiz ˈbɪznəs ˈsaɪkəlz? 现代经济能否避免这些商业周期? Hoping for a Revolution In the 1840s, bad times seemed to be increasing all across Europe. ˈhoʊpɪŋ fɔr ə ˌrɛvəˈluʃən ɪn ðə 1840s*, bæd taɪmz simd tu bi ˌɪnˈkrisɪŋ ɔl əˈkrɔs ˈjʊrəp. 希望一场革命 在 1840 年代,整个欧洲的坏日子似乎都在增加。 Desperate factory workers threatened strikes in Europe's most industrialized cities. ˈdɛsprɪt ˈfæktəri ˈwərkərz θˈrɛtənd straɪks ɪn ˈjʊrəps moʊst ˌɪnˈdʌstriəˌlaɪzd ˈsɪtiz. 绝望的工厂工人威胁要在欧洲工业化程度最高的城市举行罢工。 In the countryside, farmers complained of absurdly low prices for their produce. ɪn ðə ˈkʌntriˌsaɪd, ˈfɑrmərz kəmˈpleɪnd ʌv əbˈsərdli loʊ ˈpraɪsəz fɔr ðɛr prəˈdus. 在农村,农民抱怨他们的产品价格低得离谱。 To stop public protests, governments called out the police and the army. tu stɑp ˈpʌblɪk ˈproʊˌtɛsts, ˈgʌvərnmənts kɔld aʊt ðə pəˈlis ənd ðə ˈɑrmi. 为了阻止公众抗议,政府出动了警察和军队。 Could anything prevent these confrontations? kʊd ˈɛniˌθɪŋ prɪˈvɛnt ðiz ˌkɑnfrənˈteɪʃənz? 有什么能阻止这些对抗? Would factory owners voluntarily give their workers better wages and improve working conditions, as Robert Owen and a few other idealists hoped? wʊd ˈfæktəri ˈoʊnərz ˌvɑlənˈtɛrəli gɪv ðɛr ˈwərkərz ˈbɛtər ˈweɪʤəz ənd ˌɪmˈpruv ˈwərkɪŋ kənˈdɪʃənz, æz ˈrɑbərt oʊən ənd ə fju ˈʌðər aɪˈdiəˌlɪsts hoʊpt? 工厂主会像罗伯特·欧文和其他一些理想主义者所希望的那样,自愿给工人更高的工资并改善工作条件吗? Most observers thought this approach was unrealistic. moʊst əbˈzərvərz θɔt ðɪs əˈproʊʧ wɑz ənˌriˈlɪstɪk. 大多数观察家认为这种做法不切实际。 A revolutionary uprising began in France in 1848 and spread across Europe. ə ˌrɛvəˈluʃəˌnɛri əˈpraɪzɪŋ bɪˈgæn ɪn fræns ɪn 1848 ənd sprɛd əˈkrɔs ˈjʊrəp. 1848年法国爆发革命起义,波及欧洲。 People demanded more involvement in government, freedom of the press, and better working conditions. ˈpipəl dɪˈmændəd mɔr ˌɪnˈvɑlvmənt ɪn ˈgʌvərnmənt, ˈfridəm ʌv ðə prɛs, ənd ˈbɛtər ˈwərkɪŋ kənˈdɪʃənz. 人们要求更多地参与政府事务、新闻自由和更好的工作条件。 But these uprisings were not very well organized. bʌt ðiz ˈʌˌpraɪzɪŋz wər nɑt ˈvɛri wɛl ˈɔrgəˌnaɪzd. 但这些起义组织得不是很好。 This image shows an uprising in Germany in 1848. ðɪs ˈɪməʤ ʃoʊz æn əˈpraɪzɪŋ ɪn ˈʤərməni ɪn 1848 这张照片显示了 1848 年德国的起义。 Vocabulary impersonal, adj. having no connection to people; lacking feeling voʊˈkæbjəˌlɛri ˌɪmˈpərsənəl, adj*. ˈhævɪŋ noʊ kəˈnɛkʃən tu ˈpipəl; ˈlækɪŋ ˈfilɪŋ 词汇非个人的,形容词。与人无关;缺乏感觉
Perhaps the governments would give in and agree to some of the workers' demands for fair wages, better working conditions, and broader democracy. pərˈhæps ðə ˈgʌvərnmənts wʊd gɪv ɪn ənd əˈgri tu sʌm ʌv ðə ˈwərkərz' dɪˈmændz fɔr fɛr ˈweɪʤəz, ˈbɛtər ˈwərkɪŋ kənˈdɪʃənz, ənd ˈbrɔdər dɪˈmɑkrəsi. 也许政府会让步并同意工人对公平工资、更好的工作条件和更广泛的民主的一些要求。 Not likely, given the prevailing belief in laissez-faire economics. nɑt ˈlaɪkli, ˈgɪvən ðə prɪˈveɪlɪŋ bɪˈlif ɪn laissez-faire* ˌɛkəˈnɑmɪks. 不太可能,因为人们普遍相信自由放任经济学。 Regulating business, most politicians thought, would be harmful to their own best interests. ˈrɛgjəˌleɪtɪŋ ˈbɪznəs, moʊst ˌpɑləˈtɪʃənz θɔt, wʊd bi ˈhɑrmfəl tu ðɛr oʊn bɛst ˈɪntrəsts. 大多数政客认为,监管商业会损害他们自己的最大利益。 Many people assumed that there were only two possible outcomes. ˈmɛni ˈpipəl əˈsumd ðæt ðɛr wər ˈoʊnli tu ˈpɑsəbəl ˈaʊtˌkəmz. 许多人认为只有两种可能的结果。 Either the governments would crush the workers and teach them to meekly accept their hard fate, or the workers would revolt, overthrow the governments, and radically change the capitalist system. ˈiðər ðə ˈgʌvərnmənts wʊd krʌʃ ðə ˈwərkərz ənd tiʧ ðɛm tu ˈmikli ækˈsɛpt ðɛr hɑrd feɪt, ɔr ðə ˈwərkərz wʊd rɪˈvoʊlt, ˈoʊvərθˌroʊ ðə ˈgʌvərnmənts, ənd ˈrædɪkli ʧeɪnʤ ðə ˈkæpətəlɪst ˈsɪstəm. 要么政府镇压工人并教导他们温顺地接受他们的艰难命运,要么工人反抗,推翻政府,彻底改变资本主义制度。 By 1848, things seemed to reach a critical point. baɪ 1848 θɪŋz simd tu riʧ ə ˈkrɪtɪkəl pɔɪnt. 到 1848 年,事情似乎达到了临界点。 Revolutions broke out all over Europe. ˌrɛvəˈluʃənz broʊk aʊt ɔl ˈoʊvər ˈjʊrəp. 整个欧洲都爆发了革命。 Among the people who called for change that revolutionary year, none had looked forward to a workers' revolution more passionately than Karl Marx, one of Western civilization's most important thinkers. əˈmʌŋ ðə ˈpipəl hu kɔld fɔr ʧeɪnʤ ðæt ˌrɛvəˈluʃəˌnɛri jɪr, nʌn hæd lʊkt ˈfɔrwərd tu ə ˈwərkərz' ˌrɛvəˈluʃən mɔr ˈpæʃənətli ðæn kɑrl mɑrks, wʌn ʌv ˈwɛstərn civilization's* moʊst ˌɪmˈpɔrtənt ˈθɪŋkərz. 在那个革命年代呼吁变革的人中,没有人比西方文明最重要的思想家之一卡尔·马克思更热切地期待工人革命了。 The Communist Manifesto In 1848, Marx and his lifelong friend and supporter, Friedrich Engels, published a powerful pamphlet, The Communist Manifesto. ðə ˈkɑmjənəst ˌmænəˈfɛˌstoʊ ɪn 1848 mɑrks ənd hɪz ˈlaɪˈflɔŋ frɛnd ənd səˈpɔrtər, ˈfridrɪk ˈɛŋgəlz, ˈpʌblɪʃt ə ˈpaʊərfəl ˈpæmflət, ðə ˈkɑmjənəst ˌmænəˈfɛˌstoʊ. 共产党宣言 1848 年,马克思和他终生的朋友和支持者弗里德里希·恩格斯 (Friedrich Engels) 出版了一本强有力的小册子《共产党宣言》。 It called for a workers' revolution to overthrow capitalism. ɪt kɔld fɔr ə ˈwərkərz' ˌrɛvəˈluʃən tu ˈoʊvərθˌroʊ ˈkæpɪtəˌlɪzəm. 它呼吁通过工人革命来推翻资本主义。 But Marx and Engels didn't just call for this revolution, they predicted that the revolution would occur very soon. bʌt mɑrks ənd ˈɛŋgəlz ˈdɪdənt ʤʌst kɔl fɔr ðɪs ˌrɛvəˈluʃən, ðeɪ prɪˈdɪktɪd ðæt ðə ˌrɛvəˈluʃən wʊd əˈkər ˈvɛri sun. 但是马克思和恩格斯不只是呼吁这场革命,他们还预言革命很快就会发生。 When it did, the workers (whom Marx and Engels called proletarians) would set up a dictatorship of would abolish private ownership, of businesses and of property. wɛn ɪt dɪd, ðə ˈwərkərz (hum mɑrks ənd ˈɛŋgəlz kɔld proletarians*) wʊd sɛt ʌp ə dɪkˈteɪtərˌʃɪp ʌv wʊd əˈbɑlɪʃ ˈpraɪvət ˈoʊnərˌʃɪp, ʌv ˈbɪznəsəz ənd ʌv ˈprɑpərti. 届时,工人(马克思和恩格斯称之为无产者)将建立专政,废除私有制、企业和财产。 A new communist society would would disappear. ə nu ˈkɑmjənəst soʊˈsaɪɪti wʊd wʊd ˌdɪsəˈpɪr. 一个新的共产主义社会将会消失。 With no private ownership, there would be no rich or poor. wɪð noʊ ˈpraɪvət ˈoʊnərˌʃɪp, ðɛr wʊd bi noʊ rɪʧ ɔr pur. 没有私有制,就没有富人或穷人。 Everyone would be equal. ˈɛvriˌwən wʊd bi ˈikwəl. 每个人都是平等的。 Everyone would work for the common good. ˈɛvriˌwən wʊd wərk fɔr ðə ˈkɑmən gʊd. 每个人都会为共同利益而努力。 There would be no police, laws, courts, or army. ðɛr wʊd bi noʊ pəˈlis, lɔz, kɔrts, ɔr ˈɑrmi. 将没有警察、法律、法院或军队。 Communism would be the purest form of democracy because it would be based on pure equality. ˈkɑmjəˌnɪzəm wʊd bi ðə ˈpjʊrəst fɔrm ʌv dɪˈmɑkrəsi bɪˈkɔz ɪt wʊd bi beɪst ɑn pjʊr ɪkˈwɑləti. 共产主义将是最纯粹的民主形式,因为它建立在纯粹的平等之上。 The people would govern themselves. ðə ˈpipəl wʊd ˈgʌvərn ðɛmˈsɛlvz. 人民将自治。 Vocabulary communist, adj. relating to communism, an economic system based on community ownership of property and industry proletarian, n. a worker voʊˈkæbjəˌlɛri ˈkɑmjənəst, adj*. rɪˈleɪtɪŋ tu ˈkɑmjəˌnɪzəm, æn ˌɛkəˈnɑmɪk ˈsɪstəm beɪst ɑn kəmˈjunəti ˈoʊnərˌʃɪp ʌv ˈprɑpərti ənd ˈɪndəstri ˌproʊləˈtɛriən, ɛn. ə ˈwərkər 词汇共产主义者,形容词。关于共产主义,一种基于财产和工业无产阶级社区所有制的经济制度,n。一位工人
Of course, said Marx and Engels, capitalists would never voluntarily give up their profits. ʌv kɔrs, sɛd mɑrks ənd ˈɛŋgəlz, ˈkæpətəlɪsts wʊd ˈnɛvər ˌvɑlənˈtɛrəli gɪv ʌp ðɛr ˈprɑfɪts. 当然,马克思和恩格斯说过,资本家绝不会主动放弃他们的利润。 Therefore, the workers must rise up in revolution. ˈðɛrˌfɔr, ðə ˈwərkərz mʌst raɪz ʌp ɪn ˌrɛvəˈluʃən. 因此,工人必须起来革命。 The pamphlet concludes with a famous rallying cry: The proletarians have nothing to lose but their chains. ðə ˈpæmflət kənˈkludz wɪð ə ˈfeɪməs ˈræliɪŋ kraɪ: ðə proletarians* hæv ˈnʌθɪŋ tu luz bʌt ðɛr ʧeɪnz. 这本小册子以一句著名的战斗口号结尾:无产者除了锁链外,一无所有。 They have a world to win. ðeɪ hæv ə wərld tu wɪn. 他们有一个世界要赢。 Workingmen of all countries, unite! workingmen* ʌv ɔl ˈkʌntriz, ˈjuˌnaɪt! 各国工人联合起来! Stopping the Revolution Marx and Engels were too optimistic. ˈstɑpɪŋ ðə ˌrɛvəˈluʃən mɑrks ənd ˈɛŋgəlz wər tu ˌɑptɪˈmɪstɪk. 阻止革命马克思和恩格斯过于乐观。 All across Europe the strikes and revolutionary movements that peaked in 1848 fizzled out. ɔl əˈkrɔs ˈjʊrəp ðə straɪks ənd ˌrɛvəˈluʃəˌnɛri ˈmuvmənts ðæt pikt ɪn 1848 ˈfɪzəld aʊt. 在整个欧洲,1848 年达到顶峰的罢工和革命运动逐渐平息。 Police and armed forces killed hundreds of workers. pəˈlis ənd ɑrmd ˈfɔrsɪz kɪld ˈhʌndrədz ʌv ˈwərkərz. 警察和武装部队杀害了数百名工人。 Thousands more were arrested and sent to jail. ˈθaʊzəndz mɔr wər ərˈɛstəd ənd sɛnt tu ʤeɪl. 还有数千人被捕并被送进监狱。 Many emigrated to the United States. ˈmɛni ˈɛməˌgreɪtɪd tu ðə juˈnaɪtəd steɪts. 许多移民到美国。 Marx himself fled certain arrest in his native Germany. mɑrks hɪmˈsɛlf flɛd ˈsərtən ərˈɛst ɪn hɪz ˈneɪtɪv ˈʤərməni. 马克思本人在他的祖国德国逃脱了某些逮捕。 He settled in London. hi ˈsɛtəld ɪn ˈlʌndən. 他在伦敦定居。 Engels later joined him. ˈɛŋgəlz ˈleɪtər ʤɔɪnd hɪm. 恩格斯后来加入了他的行列。 The two men worked hard to organize an international movement of communist revolutionaries. ðə tu mɛn wərkt hɑrd tu ˈɔrgəˌnaɪz æn ˌɪntərˈnæʃənɑl ˈmuvmənt ʌv ˈkɑmjənəst ˌrɛvəˈluʃəˌnɛriz. 两人努力组织共产主义革命者的国际运动。 But the revolution that Marx prophesied never happened. bʌt ðə ˌrɛvəˈluʃən ðæt mɑrks ˈprɑfəˌsaɪd ˈnɛvər ˈhæpənd. 但是马克思预言的革命并没有发生。 Disappointed, but still confident that someday he would be proven correct, Marx studied and wrote about capitalism. ˌdɪsəˈpɔɪntɪd, bʌt stɪl ˈkɑnfədənt ðæt ˈsʌmˌdeɪ hi wʊd bi ˈpruvən kərˈɛkt, mɑrks ˈstʌdid ənd roʊt əˈbaʊt ˈkæpɪtəˌlɪzəm. 失望,但仍然相信有一天他会被证明是正确的,马克思研究并撰写了有关资本主义的文章。 His life's work, Capital or Das Kapital, a study of capitalism, earned him a reputation as a powerful economic thinker. hɪz laɪfs wərk, ˈkæpɪtəl ɔr dæs kapital*, ə ˈstʌdi ʌv ˈkæpɪtəˌlɪzəm, ərnd hɪm ə ˌrɛpjəˈteɪʃən æz ə ˈpaʊərfəl ˌɛkəˈnɑmɪk ˈθɪŋkər. 他一生的著作《资本论》或《资本论》是对资本主义的研究,为他赢得了强大的经济思想家的声誉。 When he died in 1883 in London, however, only eleven people attended his funeral. wɛn hi daɪd ɪn 1883 ɪn ˈlʌndən, ˌhaʊˈɛvər, ˈoʊnli ɪˈlɛvən ˈpipəl əˈtɛndəd hɪz fˈjunərəl. 然而,当他 1883 年在伦敦去世时,只有 11 人参加了他的葬礼。 Communist revolutions in some countries in the 1900s claimed Marx as a guiding light, but the societies they created were very different from what Marx had envisioned. ˈkɑmjənəst ˌrɛvəˈluʃənz ɪn sʌm ˈkʌntriz ɪn ðə 1900s* kleɪmd mɑrks æz ə ˈgaɪdɪŋ laɪt, bʌt ðə səˈsaɪɪtiz ðeɪ kriˈeɪtəd wər ˈvɛri ˈdɪfərənt frʌm wʌt mɑrks hæd ɛnˈvɪʒənd. 1900 年代一些国家的共产主义革命声称马克思是指路明灯,但他们创造的社会与马克思的设想截然不同。 You will read more about the reasons for this in the next chapter. ju wɪl rɛd mɔr əˈbaʊt ðə ˈrizənz fɔr ðɪs ɪn ðə nɛkst ˈʧæptər. 您将在下一章中阅读更多有关此原因的信息。 Karl Marx Friedrich Engels kɑrl mɑrks ˈfridrɪk ˈɛŋgəlz 卡尔马克思弗里德里希恩格斯
Chapter 11 Karl Marx Revolutionary Karl Marx was born in 1818. ˈʧæptər 11 kɑrl mɑrks ˌrɛvəˈluʃəˌnɛri kɑrl mɑrks wɑz bɔrn ɪn 1818 第十一章卡尔·马克思 革命家 卡尔·马克思生于1818年。 By the time he was in his twenties, the Industrial Revolution was bringing his native Germany many of the same conditions it had brought to Great Britain. baɪ ðə taɪm hi wɑz ɪn hɪz tˈwɛntiz, ðə ˌɪnˈdʌstriəl ˌrɛvəˈluʃən wɑz ˈbrɪŋɪŋ hɪz ˈneɪtɪv ˈʤərməni ˈmɛni ʌv ðə seɪm kənˈdɪʃənz ɪt hæd brɔt tu greɪt ˈbrɪtən. 到他 20 多岁时,工业革命给他的祖国德国带来了许多与英国相同的条件。 Marx was distressed by these changes, especially the growing gap between the rich and the poor. mɑrks wɑz dɪˈstrɛst baɪ ðiz ˈʧeɪnʤəz, əˈspɛʃli ðə groʊɪŋ gæp bɪtˈwin ðə rɪʧ ənd ðə pur. 马克思对这些变化,尤其是日益扩大的贫富差距感到痛心。 Marx hoped for a time when everyone on Earth would be equal. mɑrks hoʊpt fɔr ə taɪm wɛn ˈɛvriˌwən ɑn ərθ wʊd bi ˈikwəl. 马克思希望有一天地球上的每个人都平等。 This equality would not just be based on fundamental human rights. ðɪs ɪkˈwɑləti wʊd nɑt ʤʌst bi beɪst ɑn ˌfəndəˈmɛntəl ˈhjumən raɪts. 这种平等不仅仅基于基本人权。 What good was equality before the law, he thought, if you were starving or didn't have a roof over your head? wʌt gʊd wɑz ɪkˈwɑləti bɪˈfɔr ðə lɔ, hi θɔt, ɪf ju wər ˈstɑrvɪŋ ɔr ˈdɪdənt hæv ə ruf ˈoʊvər jɔr hɛd? 法律面前人人平等有什么好处,他想,如果你正在挨饿或没有栖身之所? He wanted to see a day when no one would have any greater economic advantage than anyone else did. hi ˈwɔntɪd tu si ə deɪ wɛn noʊ wʌn wʊd hæv ˈɛni ˈgreɪtər ˌɛkəˈnɑmɪk ædˈvæntɪʤ ðæn ˈɛniˌwən ɛls dɪd. 他希望看到有一天,没有人比其他人拥有更大的经济优势。 Only then, Marx felt, would everyone be truly equal. ˈoʊnli ðɛn, mɑrks fɛlt, wʊd ˈɛvriˌwən bi ˈtruli ˈikwəl. 马克思认为,只有到那时,每个人才能真正平等。 Money and the ability to make money, he said, were the most important which most people lived and worked, education, health care, and other social Marx wanted to know what made human society so stormy and violent. ˈmʌni ənd ðə əˈbɪləˌti tu meɪk ˈmʌni, hi sɛd, wər ðə moʊst ˌɪmˈpɔrtənt wɪʧ moʊst ˈpipəl lɪvd ənd wərkt, ˌɛʤəˈkeɪʃən, hɛlθ kɛr, ənd ˈʌðər ˈsoʊʃəl mɑrks ˈwɔntɪd tu noʊ wʌt meɪd ˈhjumən soʊˈsaɪɪti soʊ ˈstɔrmi ənd ˈvaɪələnt. 他说,金钱和赚钱的能力是大多数人生活和工作、教育、医疗保健和其他社会最重要的,马克思想知道是什么让人类社会如此风雨飘摇。 He decided it was because, throughout history, wealth and property were always distributed unevenly. hi ˌdɪˈsaɪdɪd ɪt wɑz bɪˈkɔz, θruaʊt ˈhɪstəri, wɛlθ ənd ˈprɑpərti wər ˈɔlˌweɪz dɪˈstrɪbjətəd əˈnivənli. 他认为这是因为,纵观历史,财富和财产的分配总是不均衡的。 Wherever he looked into the past, he saw a constant those who had no property, the have-nots. wɛˈrɛvər hi lʊkt ˈɪntu ðə pæst, hi sɔ ə ˈkɑnstənt ðoʊz hu hæd noʊ ˈprɑpərti, ðə have-nots*. 无论他在哪里回顾过去,他看到的都是那些没有财产、没有财产的人。 The Big Question What were the basic differences between the beliefs of Robert Owen and those of Karl Marx? ðə bɪg kˈwɛsʧən wʌt wər ðə ˈbeɪsɪk ˈdɪfərənsɪz bɪtˈwin ðə bɪˈlifs ʌv ˈrɑbərt oʊən ənd ðoʊz ʌv kɑrl mɑrks? 大问题 罗伯特·欧文和卡尔·马克思的信仰之间的基本区别是什么?
Karl Marx believed that the most powerful and influential people in society were those with the most money. kɑrl mɑrks bɪˈlivd ðæt ðə moʊst ˈpaʊərfəl ənd ˌɪnfluˈɛnʃəl ˈpipəl ɪn soʊˈsaɪɪti wər ðoʊz wɪð ðə moʊst ˈmʌni. 卡尔马克思认为,社会上最有权势和最有影响力的人是那些最有钱的人。
Class Struggle Marx called this conflict the class struggle. klæs ˈstrʌgəl mɑrks kɔld ðɪs ˈkɑnflɪkt ðə klæs ˈstrʌgəl. 阶级斗争马克思称这种冲突为阶级斗争。 Marx saw that the haves never hesitated to use force to keep what they had. mɑrks sɔ ðæt ðə hævz ˈnɛvər ˈhɛzɪˌteɪtɪd tu jus fɔrs tu kip wʌt ðeɪ hæd. 马克思看到,有产者毫不犹豫地使用武力来保住他们所拥有的。 And the have-nots understandably used force to try and capture the haves' possessions. ənd ðə have-nots* ˌəndərˈstændəbli juzd fɔrs tu traɪ ənd ˈkæpʧər ðə hævz' pəˈzɛʃənz. 可以理解的是,穷人使用武力试图夺取富人的财产。 Those who held property controlled the means to produce wealth. ðoʊz hu hɛld ˈprɑpərti kənˈtroʊld ðə minz tu prəˈdus wɛlθ. 拥有财产的人控制着创造财富的手段。 Those who did not were at a great disadvantage. ðoʊz hu dɪd nɑt wər æt ə greɪt ˌdɪsədˈvæntɪʤ. 那些没有的人处于极大的劣势。 Each historical period, Marx believed, experienced the class struggle between the haves and the have-nots. iʧ hɪˈstɔrɪkəl ˈpɪriəd, mɑrks bɪˈlivd, ɪkˈspɪriənst ðə klæs ˈstrʌgəl bɪtˈwin ðə hævz ənd ðə have-nots*. 马克思认为,每个历史时期都经历了富人和穷人之间的阶级斗争。 Out of the powerful struggle would come a new economic system that would overthrow the old one and replace it with a more efficient one. aʊt ʌv ðə ˈpaʊərfəl ˈstrʌgəl wʊd kʌm ə nu ˌɛkəˈnɑmɪk ˈsɪstəm ðæt wʊd ˈoʊvərθˌroʊ ðə oʊld wʌn ənd ˌriˈpleɪs ɪt wɪð ə mɔr ɪˈfɪʃənt wʌn. 在激烈的斗争中,将会出现一个新的经济体系,它将推翻旧的经济体系,并用一个更有效率的经济体系取而代之。 Marx thought that having or not having material wealth was the most important force in history. mɑrks θɔt ðæt ˈhævɪŋ ɔr nɑt ˈhævɪŋ məˈtɪriəl wɛlθ wɑz ðə moʊst ˌɪmˈpɔrtənt fɔrs ɪn ˈhɪstəri. 马克思认为物质财富的拥有与否是历史上最重要的力量。 He thought he had discovered a law about human affairs as valid as any scientific law for the physical universe. hi θɔt hi hæd dɪˈskʌvərd ə lɔ əˈbaʊt ˈhjumən əˈfɛrz æz ˈvælɪd æz ˈɛni ˌsaɪənˈtɪfɪk lɔ fɔr ðə ˈfɪzɪkəl ˈjunəˌvərs. 他认为他发现了一条关于人类事务的定律,与任何适用于物理宇宙的科学定律一样有效。 He envied Charles Darwin and Isaac Newton for their certainty about the laws that governed the natural world. hi ˈɛnvid ʧɑrlz ˈdɑrwɪn ənd ˈaɪzək ˈnutən fɔr ðɛr ˈsərtənti əˈbaʊt ðə lɔz ðæt ˈgʌvərnd ðə ˈnæʧərəl wərld. 他羡慕查尔斯达尔文和艾萨克牛顿对支配自然界的规律的确定性。 He wanted to do the same for human behavior. hi ˈwɔntɪd tu du ðə seɪm fɔr ˈhjumən bɪˈheɪvjər. 他想对人类行为做同样的事情。 The Coming Revolution In the industrial era, the class struggle had, according to Marx, reached a critical phase. ðə ˈkʌmɪŋ ˌrɛvəˈluʃən ɪn ðə ˌɪnˈdʌstriəl ˈɛrə, ðə klæs ˈstrʌgəl hæd, əˈkɔrdɪŋ tu mɑrks, riʧt ə ˈkrɪtɪkəl feɪz. 即将到来的革命 根据马克思的说法,在工业时代,阶级斗争已经到了关键阶段。 The wealthy upper and middle classes were now combined into what Marx called the bourgeoisie (/boor*jwah*zee/). ðə ˈwɛlθi ˈʌpər ənd ˈmɪdəl ˈklæsəz wər naʊ kəmˈbaɪnd ˈɪntu wʌt mɑrks kɔld ðə ˌbʊrʒˌwɑˈzi (/boor*jwah*zee*/). 富裕的上层阶级和中产阶级现在合并为马克思所说的资产阶级 (/boor*jwah*zee/)。 They were the haves, using capitalism to become richer and more powerful. ðeɪ wər ðə hævz, ˈjuzɪŋ ˈkæpɪtəˌlɪzəm tu bɪˈkʌm ˈrɪʧər ənd mɔr ˈpaʊərfəl. 他们是富人,利用资本主义变得更加富有和强大。 According to Marx, they controlled everything. əˈkɔrdɪŋ tu mɑrks, ðeɪ kənˈtroʊld ˈɛvriˌθɪŋ. 按照马克思的说法,他们控制了一切。 Though not all of the bourgeoisie were rich, they all enjoyed much greater privileges than did the much poorer have-nots. to accept low wages and harsh working conditions in order to earn enough Vocabulary bourgeoisie, n. the upper or wealthy middle class; the people who owned the means of production, or what Karl Marx called ðoʊ nɑt ɔl ʌv ðə ˌbʊrʒˌwɑˈzi wər rɪʧ, ðeɪ ɔl ˌɛnˈʤɔɪd mʌʧ ˈgreɪtər ˈprɪvɪˌlɪʤɪz ðæn dɪd ðə mʌʧ ˈpurər have-nots*. tu ækˈsɛpt loʊ ˈweɪʤəz ənd hɑrʃ ˈwərkɪŋ kənˈdɪʃənz ɪn ˈɔrdər tu ərn ɪˈnʌf voʊˈkæbjəˌlɛri ˌbʊrʒˌwɑˈzi, ɛn. ðə ˈʌpər ɔr ˈwɛlθi ˈmɪdəl klæs; ðə ˈpipəl hu oʊnd ðə minz ʌv prəˈdʌkʃən, ɔr wʌt kɑrl mɑrks kɔld 尽管并非所有的资产阶级都很富有,但他们都享有比穷得多的穷人更多的特权。接受低工资和恶劣的工作条件以赚取足够的钱 词汇 bourgeoisie, n.上层或富裕的中产阶级;拥有生产资料的人,或者卡尔·马克思所说的
If the proletarians could join together against the workers' common enemy, the bourgeoisie, they would have enormous strength. ɪf ðə proletarians* kʊd ʤɔɪn təˈgɛðər əˈgɛnst ðə ˈwərkərz' ˈkɑmən ˈɛnəmi, ðə ˌbʊrʒˌwɑˈzi, ðeɪ wʊd hæv ɪˈnɔrməs strɛŋkθ. 如果无产阶级能够联合起来反对工人的共同敌人资产阶级,他们将拥有巨大的力量。 But the bourgeoisie had laws, courts, jails, and armies to prevent that from happening. bʌt ðə ˌbʊrʒˌwɑˈzi hæd lɔz, kɔrts, ʤeɪlz, ənd ˈɑrmiz tu prɪˈvɛnt ðæt frʌm ˈhæpənɪŋ. 但是资产阶级有法律、法庭、监狱和军队来防止这种情况发生。 Just as important, they controlled the schools and the newspapers. ʤʌst æz ˌɪmˈpɔrtənt, ðeɪ kənˈtroʊld ðə skulz ənd ðə ˈnuzˌpeɪpərz. 同样重要的是,他们控制了学校和报纸。 Even many religious leaders taught duty, self- sacrifice, and respect for the ruling classes. ˈivɪn ˈmɛni rɪˈlɪʤəs ˈlidərz tɔt ˈduti, sɛlf- ˈsækrəˌfaɪs, ənd rɪˈspɛkt fɔr ðə ˈrulɪŋ ˈklæsəz. 甚至许多宗教领袖都教导责任、自我牺牲和尊重统治阶级。 All of this combined, said Marx, Marx and Capitalism Marx appreciated many of the improvements brought about by the Industrial Revolution. ɔl ʌv ðɪs kəmˈbaɪnd, sɛd mɑrks, mɑrks ənd ˈkæpɪtəˌlɪzəm mɑrks əˈpriʃiˌeɪtɪd ˈmɛni ʌv ðə ˌɪmˈpruvmənts brɔt əˈbaʊt baɪ ðə ˌɪnˈdʌstriəl ˌrɛvəˈluʃən. 马克思说,所有这一切结合起来,马克思和资本主义马克思赞赏工业革命带来的许多改进。 Machines, he knew, saved time. məˈʃinz, hi nu, seɪvd taɪm. 他知道,机器可以节省时间。 And they didn't complain. ənd ðeɪ ˈdɪdənt kəmˈpleɪn. 他们没有抱怨。 But machines dominated the workers. bʌt məˈʃinz ˈdɑməˌneɪtəd ðə ˈwərkərz. 但是机器支配了工人。 Marx and other socialists thought it should be the other way around. mɑrks ənd ˈʌðər ˈsoʊʃəlɪsts θɔt ɪt ʃʊd bi ðə ˈʌðər weɪ əraʊnd. 马克思和其他社会主义者认为应该反过来。 Marx also saw that capitalism was an efficient way to invest in and create greater economic productivity. mɑrks ˈɔlsoʊ sɔ ðæt ˈkæpɪtəˌlɪzəm wɑz æn ɪˈfɪʃənt weɪ tu ˌɪnˈvɛst ɪn ənd kriˈeɪt ˈgreɪtər ˌɛkəˈnɑmɪk ˌproʊdəkˈtɪvəti. 马克思还看到资本主义是投资和创造更大经济生产力的有效方式。 When more things were produced, more Karl Marx believed that the working class would have to join together if changes were Vocabulary propaganda, n. false or exaggerated information that is spread to encourage belief in a certain person or idea wɛn mɔr θɪŋz wər prəˈdust, mɔr kɑrl mɑrks bɪˈlivd ðæt ðə ˈwərkɪŋ klæs wʊd hæv tu ʤɔɪn təˈgɛðər ɪf ˈʧeɪnʤəz wər voʊˈkæbjəˌlɛri ˌprɑpəˈgændə, ɛn. fɔls ɔr ɪgˈzæʤərˌeɪtəd ˌɪnˌfɔrˈmeɪʃən ðæt ɪz sprɛd tu ɛnˈkərɪʤ bɪˈlif ɪn ə ˈsərtən ˈpərsən ɔr aɪˈdiə 当生产出更多的东西时,卡尔马克思相信,如果变化是词汇宣传,工人阶级就必须团结起来。传播虚假或夸大的信息以鼓励相信某个人或某个想法
people would benefit. ˈpipəl wʊd ˈbɛnəfɪt. 人们会受益。 This matched his belief that humankind was moving toward a time when there would be better living conditions for everyone. ðɪs mæʧt hɪz bɪˈlif ðæt ˈhjumənˌkaɪnd wɑz ˈmuvɪŋ təˈwɔrd ə taɪm wɛn ðɛr wʊd bi ˈbɛtər ˈlɪvɪŋ kənˈdɪʃənz fɔr ˈɛvriˌwən. 这符合他的信念,即人类正在走向一个每个人都将拥有更好生活条件的时代。 This was in keeping with the ideas of the Enlightenment. ðɪs wɑz ɪn ˈkipɪŋ wɪð ðə aɪˈdiəz ʌv ðə ˌɛnˈlaɪtənmənt. 这符合启蒙运动的思想。 But how would this progress come about? bʌt haʊ wʊd ðɪs ˈprɑˌgrɛs kʌm əˈbaʊt? 但这种进步是如何实现的呢? After studying German philosophy and English economic theories and practices, Marx thought he had found an answer. ˈæftər ˈstʌdiɪŋ ˈʤərmən fəˈlɑsəfi ənd ˈɪŋglɪʃ ˌɛkəˈnɑmɪk ˈθɪriz ənd ˈpræktɪsɪz, mɑrks θɔt hi hæd faʊnd æn ˈænsər. 在研究了德国哲学和英国经济理论和实践之后,马克思认为他找到了答案。 He believed that capitalism naturally contained the seeds of its own destruction. hi bɪˈlivd ðæt ˈkæpɪtəˌlɪzəm ˈnæʧərəli kənˈteɪnd ðə sidz ʌv ɪts oʊn dɪˈstrʌkʃən. 他相信资本主义自然包含了自身毁灭的种子。 In the process of penetrating every aspect of modern society, capitalism eventually would result in a horribly unequal distribution of wealth. ɪn ðə ˈprɑˌsɛs ʌv ˈpɛnəˌtreɪtɪŋ ˈɛvəri ˈæˌspɛkt ʌv ˈmɑdərn soʊˈsaɪɪti, ˈkæpɪtəˌlɪzəm ɪˈvɛnʧəwəli wʊd rɪˈzʌlt ɪn ə ˈhɔrəbli əˈnikwəl ˌdɪstrəˈbjuʃən ʌv wɛlθ. 在渗透到现代社会方方面面的过程中,资本主义最终会造成可怕的财富分配不均。 This would make the class struggle even more bitter. ðɪs wʊd meɪk ðə klæs ˈstrʌgəl ˈivɪn mɔr ˈbɪtər. 这将使阶级斗争更加激烈。 Eventually, Marx believed, the workers would band them in economic slavery. ɪˈvɛnʧəwəli, mɑrks bɪˈlivd, ðə ˈwərkərz wʊd bænd ðɛm ɪn ˌɛkəˈnɑmɪk sˈleɪvəri. 最终,马克思相信,工人们会将他们束缚在经济奴役之中。 They would confiscate Karl Marx thought revolution was inevitable. ðeɪ wʊd ˈkɑnfəˌskeɪt kɑrl mɑrks θɔt ˌrɛvəˈluʃən wɑz ˌɪˈnɛvətəbəl. 他们会没收卡尔马克思认为革命是不可避免的。 Vocabulary confiscate, v. to take away; to seize voʊˈkæbjəˌlɛri ˈkɑnfəˌskeɪt, vi. tu teɪk əˈweɪ; tu siz 词汇没收,v.拿走;夺取
all private property and place it in the hands of a revolutionary government that would protect the workers' interests. ɔl ˈpraɪvət ˈprɑpərti ənd pleɪs ɪt ɪn ðə hændz ʌv ə ˌrɛvəˈluʃəˌnɛri ˈgʌvərnmənt ðæt wʊd prəˈtɛkt ðə ˈwərkərz' ˈɪntrəsts. 所有私有财产,并将其置于保护工人利益的革命政府手中。 The have-nots would triumph through the sheer force of their numbers. ðə have-nots* wʊd traɪəmf θru ðə ʃɪr fɔrs ʌv ðɛr ˈnʌmbərz. 穷人将凭借其人数的绝对优势取得胜利。 Robert Owen, you will recall, thought socialism could be achieved voluntarily. ˈrɑbərt oʊən, ju wɪl ˈriˌkɔl, θɔt ˈsoʊʃəˌlɪzəm kʊd bi əˈʧivd ˌvɑlənˈtɛrəli. 你会记得,罗伯特欧文认为社会主义可以自愿实现。 Marx thought it would be achieved only through a violent revolution. mɑrks θɔt ɪt wʊd bi əˈʧivd ˈoʊnli θru ə ˈvaɪələnt ˌrɛvəˈluʃən. 马克思认为只有通过暴力革命才能实现。 A New Economic Order Marx predicted that the revolution would go through two stages. ə nu ˌɛkəˈnɑmɪk ˈɔrdər mɑrks prɪˈdɪktɪd ðæt ðə ˌrɛvəˈluʃən wʊd goʊ θru tu ˈsteɪʤɪz. 新经济秩序 马克思预测革命将经历两个阶段。 First, the proletariat would successfully revolt against the bourgeoisie. fərst, ðə ˌproʊləˈtɛriət wʊd səkˈsɛsfəli rɪˈvoʊlt əˈgɛnst ðə ˌbʊrʒˌwɑˈzi. 首先,无产阶级将成功地反抗资产阶级。 In this phase, the proletariat would establish a socialist government, representing all workers. ɪn ðɪs feɪz, ðə ˌproʊləˈtɛriət wʊd ɪˈstæblɪʃ ə ˈsoʊʃəlɪst ˈgʌvərnmənt, ˌrɛprɪˈzɛntɪŋ ɔl ˈwərkərz. 在这个阶段,无产阶级将建立一个代表全体工人的社会主义政府。 He called this government a dictatorship of the proletariat. hi kɔld ðɪs ˈgʌvərnmənt ə dɪkˈteɪtərˌʃɪp ʌv ðə ˌproʊləˈtɛriət. 他称这个政府为无产阶级专政。 This government would own all the factories and regulate their production. ðɪs ˈgʌvərnmənt wʊd oʊn ɔl ðə ˈfæktəriz ənd ˈrɛgjəˌleɪt ðɛr prəˈdʌkʃən. 该政府将拥有所有工厂并监管其生产。 No one would be able to accumulate wealth and power. noʊ wʌn wʊd bi ˈeɪbəl tu əˈkjumjəˌleɪt wɛlθ ənd paʊər. 没有人能够积累财富和权力。 This socialist government would decide what should be produced and how much it should cost; what wages should be paid; and what benefits each citizen was entitled to. ðɪs ˈsoʊʃəlɪst ˈgʌvərnmənt wʊd ˌdɪˈsaɪd wʌt ʃʊd bi prəˈdust ənd haʊ mʌʧ ɪt ʃʊd kɑst; wʌt ˈweɪʤəz ʃʊd bi peɪd; ənd wʌt ˈbɛnəfɪts iʧ ˈsɪtəzən wɑz ɛnˈtaɪtəld tu. 这个社会主义政府将决定应该生产什么以及应该花费多少;应支付多少工资;以及每个公民有权享受什么福利。 Everyone would be paid a fair wage. ˈɛvriˌwən wʊd bi peɪd ə fɛr weɪʤ. 每个人都会得到公平的工资。 No one would be forced to work in unsafe conditions or for long hours. noʊ wʌn wʊd bi fɔrst tu wərk ɪn ənˈseɪf kənˈdɪʃənz ɔr fɔr lɔŋ aʊərz. 没有人会被迫在不安全的条件下或长时间工作。 Just as important, the state would control all services: transportation, housing, medical care, education, the media, and entertainment. ʤʌst æz ˌɪmˈpɔrtənt, ðə steɪt wʊd kənˈtroʊl ɔl ˈsərvəsəz: ˌtrænspərˈteɪʃən, ˈhaʊzɪŋ, ˈmɛdəkəl kɛr, ˌɛʤəˈkeɪʃən, ðə ˈmidiə, ənd ˌɛntərˈteɪnmənt. 同样重要的是,国家将控制所有服务:交通、住房、医疗、教育、媒体和娱乐。 All these would be free or very inexpensive. ɔl ðiz wʊd bi fri ɔr ˈvɛri ˌɪnɪkˈspɛnsɪv. 所有这些都将是免费的或非常便宜的。 In theory, no one would have any greater privileges than anyone else had. ɪn ˈθɪri, noʊ wʌn wʊd hæv ˈɛni ˈgreɪtər ˈprɪvɪˌlɪʤɪz ðæn ˈɛniˌwən ɛls hæd. 从理论上讲,没有人会比其他任何人拥有更大的特权。 Everyone would become perfectly equal. ˈɛvriˌwən wʊd bɪˈkʌm ˈpərfəktli ˈikwəl. 每个人都会变得完全平等。 This would set the stage for the second stage of the revolution: the establishment of what Marx called communism. ðɪs wʊd sɛt ðə steɪʤ fɔr ðə ˈsɛkənd steɪʤ ʌv ðə ˌrɛvəˈluʃən: ðə ɪˈstæblɪʃmənt ʌv wʌt mɑrks kɔld ˈkɑmjəˌnɪzəm. 这将为革命的第二阶段奠定基础:建立马克思所谓的共产主义。 After a time (Marx was never clear about exactly when or how this would happen), the socialist state control everything together, as a community. ˈæftər ə taɪm (mɑrks wɑz ˈnɛvər klɪr əˈbaʊt ɪgˈzæktli wɛn ɔr haʊ ðɪs wʊd ˈhæpən), ðə ˈsoʊʃəlɪst steɪt kənˈtroʊl ˈɛvriˌθɪŋ təˈgɛðər, æz ə kəmˈjunəti. 过了一段时间(马克思从来不清楚这将在何时或如何发生),社会主义国家作为一个共同体控制着一切。 Hence, the name communism. hɛns, ðə neɪm ˈkɑmjəˌnɪzəm. 因此,名称共产主义。 Marx imagined that when everyone was equal, each person would have whatever was essential for a happy life. mɑrks ˌɪˈmæʤənd ðæt wɛn ˈɛvriˌwən wɑz ˈikwəl, iʧ ˈpərsən wʊd hæv ˌwəˈtɛvər wɑz ɛˈsɛnʃəl fɔr ə ˈhæpi laɪf. 马克思设想,当人人平等时,每个人都会拥有幸福生活所必需的一切。 What would emerge would be a "classless society," with no conflict or violence. wʌt wʊd ɪˈmərʤ wʊd bi ə "ˈklæsləs soʊˈsaɪɪti," wɪð noʊ ˈkɑnflɪkt ɔr ˈvaɪələns. 将会出现一个没有冲突或暴力的“无阶级社会”。 No one would envy anyone else. noʊ wʌn wʊd ˈɛnvi ˈɛniˌwən ɛls. 没有人会羡慕别人。 There would be no need for the police or courts or jails or even laws. ðɛr wʊd bi noʊ nid fɔr ðə pəˈlis ɔr kɔrts ɔr ʤeɪlz ɔr ˈivɪn lɔz. 不需要警察、法院、监狱甚至法律。 When this wɛn ðɪs 当这个
point was reached, there would be no need for government itself. pɔɪnt wɑz riʧt, ðɛr wʊd bi noʊ nid fɔr ˈgʌvərnmənt ˌɪtˈsɛlf. 达到了这一点,就不需要政府本身了。 There would be no government anywhere in the world! ðɛr wʊd bi noʊ ˈgʌvərnmənt ˈɛniˌwɛr ɪn ðə wərld! 世界上任何地方都不会有政府! With worldwide equality among peoples, there would be no need for national pride or ambitions. wɪð ˈwərldˈwaɪd ɪkˈwɑləti əˈmʌŋ ˈpipəlz, ðɛr wʊd bi noʊ nid fɔr ˈnæʃənəl praɪd ɔr æmˈbɪʃənz. 有了全世界人民之间的平等,就不需要民族自豪感或野心了。 With no rivalries among nations, there would be especially the poor and those who felt the pain of economic depression. wɪð noʊ ˈraɪvəlriz əˈmʌŋ ˈneɪʃənz, ðɛr wʊd bi əˈspɛʃli ðə pur ənd ðoʊz hu fɛlt ðə peɪn ʌv ˌɛkəˈnɑmɪk dɪˈprɛʃən. 没有国家之间的竞争,尤其是穷人和那些感受到经济萧条痛苦的人。 Marx seemed to believe that the people in control of the socialist state, the dictatorship of the proletariat, would not use their power to gain benefits for themselves and their followers. mɑrks simd tu bɪˈliv ðæt ðə ˈpipəl ɪn kənˈtroʊl ʌv ðə ˈsoʊʃəlɪst steɪt, ðə dɪkˈteɪtərˌʃɪp ʌv ðə ˌproʊləˈtɛriət, wʊd nɑt jus ðɛr paʊər tu geɪn ˈbɛnəfɪts fɔr ðɛmˈsɛlvz ənd ðɛr ˈfɑloʊərz. 马克思似乎相信,人民掌握社会主义国家,即无产阶级专政,不会利用他们的权力为自己和他们的追随者谋取利益。 Nor did he imagine that they would ever act unfairly toward anyone who opposed them. nɔr dɪd hi ˌɪˈmæʤən ðæt ðeɪ wʊd ˈɛvər ækt ənˈfɛrli təˈwɔrd ˈɛniˌwən hu əˈpoʊzd ðɛm. 他也没有想到他们会对任何反对他们的人做出不公平的行为。 He sincerely believed they would willingly give up their power to achieve the communist ideal. hi sɪnˈsɪrli bɪˈlivd ðeɪ wʊd ˈwɪlɪŋli gɪv ʌp ðɛr paʊər tu əˈʧiv ðə ˈkɑmjənəst aɪˈdil. 他真诚地相信他们会心甘情愿地放弃自己的权力来实现共产主义理想。 Marx seems to have underestimated the degree to which ambition, desire, and a thirst for competition drive human beings to raise themselves above others. mɑrks simz tu hæv ˈʌndərˈɛstəˌmeɪtɪd ðə dɪˈgri tu wɪʧ æmˈbɪʃən, dɪˈzaɪər, ənd ə θərst fɔr ˌkɑmpəˈtɪʃən draɪv ˈhjumən biɪŋz tu reɪz ðɛmˈsɛlvz əˈbʌv ˈʌðərz. 马克思似乎低估了野心、欲望和对竞争的渴望驱使人类超越他人的程度。 Although they have caused serious problems in history, these urges have also inspired marvelous creativity. ˌɔlˈðoʊ ðeɪ hæv kɑzd ˈsɪriəs ˈprɑbləmz ɪn ˈhɪstəri, ðiz ˈərʤəz hæv ˈɔlsoʊ ˌɪnˈspaɪərd ˈmɑrvələs ˌkrieɪˈtɪvəti. 尽管它们在历史上造成了严重的问题,但这些冲动也激发了非凡的创造力。 These urges are at the heart of our civilization. ðiz ˈərʤəz ɑr æt ðə hɑrt ʌv aʊər ˌsɪvəlɪˈzeɪʃən. 这些冲动是我们文明的核心。 Marx's Legacy Karl Marx got many people thinking about socialism. marx's* ˈlɛgəsi kɑrl mɑrks gɑt ˈmɛni ˈpipəl ˈθɪŋkɪŋ əˈbaʊt ˈsoʊʃəˌlɪzəm. 马克思的遗产 卡尔·马克思让许多人开始思考社会主义。 His promise of a better future for the working classes inspired millions. hɪz ˈprɑməs ʌv ə ˈbɛtər fˈjuʧər fɔr ðə ˈwərkɪŋ ˈklæsəz ˌɪnˈspaɪərd ˈmɪljənz. 他为工人阶级创造更美好未来的承诺激励了数百万人。 His thinking has also motivated countless people to criticize him. hɪz ˈθɪŋkɪŋ hæz ˈɔlsoʊ ˈmoʊtəˌveɪtəd ˈkaʊntləs ˈpipəl tu ˈkrɪtɪˌsaɪz hɪm. 他的思想也激发了无数人对他的批判。 As they have done so, they have clarified their own thinking about past, present, and future relationships between economics and politics. æz ðeɪ hæv dʌn soʊ, ðeɪ hæv ˈklɛrəˌfaɪd ðɛr oʊn ˈθɪŋkɪŋ əˈbaʊt pæst, ˈprɛzənt, ənd fˈjuʧər riˈleɪʃənˌʃɪps bɪtˈwin ˌɛkəˈnɑmɪks ənd ˈpɑləˌtɪks. 在这样做的过程中,他们澄清了自己对经济与政治之间过去、现在和未来关系的思考。 Since the 1900s, a few nations have called themselves communist, or "people's democracies." sɪns ðə 1900s*, ə fju ˈneɪʃənz hæv kɔld ðɛmˈsɛlvz ˈkɑmjənəst, ɔr "ˈpipəlz dɪˈmɑkrəsiz." 自 1900 年代以来,一些国家称自己为共产主义国家或“人民民主国家”。 Most of these countries, however, have been led by dictators and have brought neither equality nor democracy. moʊst ʌv ðiz ˈkʌntriz, ˌhaʊˈɛvər, hæv bɪn lɛd baɪ dɪkˈteɪtərz ənd hæv brɔt ˈniðər ɪkˈwɑləti nɔr dɪˈmɑkrəsi. 然而,这些国家中的大多数都是由独裁者领导的,既没有带来平等,也没有带来民主。 They are more accurately called totalitarian socialist nations, because the government controls not only production but every aspect of society. ðeɪ ɑr mɔr ˈækjərətli kɔld ˌtoʊˌtælɪˈtɛriən ˈsoʊʃəlɪst ˈneɪʃənz, bɪˈkɔz ðə ˈgʌvərnmənt kənˈtroʊlz nɑt ˈoʊnli prəˈdʌkʃən bʌt ˈɛvəri ˈæˌspɛkt ʌv soʊˈsaɪɪti. 它们更准确地称为极权社会主义国家,因为政府不仅控制生产,而且控制社会的方方面面。 People in control of these states tend to use their power to benefit themselves and their followers. ˈpipəl ɪn kənˈtroʊl ʌv ðiz steɪts tɛnd tu jus ðɛr paʊər tu ˈbɛnəfɪt ðɛmˈsɛlvz ənd ðɛr ˈfɑloʊərz. 控制这些国家的人倾向于利用他们的权力为自己和他们的追随者谋利。 Workers generally Vocabulary totalitarian, adj. controlling all aspects of life ˈwərkərz ˈʤɛnərəli voʊˈkæbjəˌlɛri ˌtoʊˌtælɪˈtɛriən, adj*. kənˈtroʊlɪŋ ɔl ˈæˌspɛkts ʌv laɪf 工人一般词汇极权主义,形容词。控制生活的方方面面
Although many people disagree with Karl Marx, others continue to find value in his ideas. ˌɔlˈðoʊ ˈmɛni ˈpipəl dɪsəˈgri wɪð kɑrl mɑrks, ˈʌðərz kənˈtɪnju tu faɪnd ˈvælju ɪn hɪz aɪˈdiəz. 尽管许多人不同意卡尔·马克思,但其他人继续从他的思想中发现价值。 His works give us a greater understanding of the times he lived in and remain important today. have less freedom in these systems than they would under capitalism. hɪz wərks gɪv ʌs ə ˈgreɪtər ˌəndərˈstændɪŋ ʌv ðə taɪmz hi lɪvd ɪn ənd rɪˈmeɪn ˌɪmˈpɔrtənt təˈdeɪ. hæv lɛs ˈfridəm ɪn ðiz ˈsɪstəmz ðæn ðeɪ wʊd ˈʌndər ˈkæpɪtəˌlɪzəm. 他的作品让我们更好地了解他所生活的时代,并且在今天仍然很重要。在这些系统中,他们比在资本主义制度下拥有更少的自由。 In many ways, these countries are the opposite of Marx's communist ideal. ɪn ˈmɛni weɪz, ðiz ˈkʌntriz ɑr ðə ˈɑpəzɪt ʌv marx's* ˈkɑmjənəst aɪˈdil. 在许多方面,这些国家与马克思的共产主义理想背道而驰。 Many people believe that a communist revolution is not necessary. ˈmɛni ˈpipəl bɪˈliv ðæt ə ˈkɑmjənəst ˌrɛvəˈluʃən ɪz nɑt ˈnɛsəˌsɛri. 许多人认为没有必要进行共产主义革命。 Instead, they place their hope in democratic reforms, protection of civil liberties, and laws that require capitalists to abide by strict rules. ˌɪnˈstɛd, ðeɪ pleɪs ðɛr hoʊp ɪn ˌdɛməˈkrætɪk rəˈfɔrmz, prəˈtɛkʃən ʌv ˈsɪvəl ˈlɪbərˌtiz, ənd lɔz ðæt ˌrikˈwaɪər ˈkæpətəlɪsts tu əˈbaɪd baɪ strɪkt rulz. 相反,他们寄希望于民主改革、保护公民自由和要求资本家遵守严格规则的法律。 These measures, they argue, will protect the worker, the consumer, and the environment from the excesses of capitalism. ðiz ˈmɛʒərz, ðeɪ ˈɑrgju, wɪl prəˈtɛkt ðə ˈwərkər, ðə kənˈsumər, ənd ðə ɪnˈvaɪrənmənt frʌm ðə ˌɛkˈsɛsɪz ʌv ˈkæpɪtəˌlɪzəm. 他们认为,这些措施将保护工人、消费者和环境免受过度资本主义的影响。
Chapter 12 In Our Time Patience in Our Time If Patience Kershaw could travel into the present, what would she think? ˈʧæptər 12 ɪn aʊər taɪm ˈpeɪʃəns ɪn aʊər taɪm ɪf ˈpeɪʃəns ˈkərˌʃɑ kʊd ˈtrævəl ˈɪntu ðə ˈprɛzənt, wʌt wʊd ʃi θɪŋk? Chapter 12 在我们的时代 Patience in 我们的时代 如果 Patience Kershaw 能够穿越到现在,她会怎么想? We can make some good guesses to answer this question, based on what we have learned. wi kæn meɪk sʌm gʊd ˈgɛsɪz tu ˈænsər ðɪs kˈwɛsʧən, beɪst ɑn wʌt wi hæv lərnd. 根据我们所学,我们可以做出一些很好的猜测来回答这个问题。 "Your cities are enormous!" "jɔr ˈsɪtiz ɑr ɪˈnɔrməs!" “你们的城市很大!” she might exclaim. ʃi maɪt ɪkˈskleɪm. 她可能会惊呼。 "The buildings are so tall, and so many seem to be made of glass! "ðə ˈbɪldɪŋz ɑr soʊ tɔl, ənd soʊ ˈmɛni sim tu bi meɪd ʌv glæs! “楼那么高,好多好像是玻璃做的! But where do you keep all the horses?" bʌt wɛr du ju kip ɔl ðə ˈhɔrsəz?" 但是你把所有的马都养在哪里呢?” You might smile and tell her that cars and trucks have replaced horses. ju maɪt smaɪl ənd tɛl hər ðæt kɑrz ənd trʌks hæv ˌriˈpleɪst ˈhɔrsəz. 你可能会微笑着告诉她,汽车和卡车已经取代了马匹。 We still have trains, you'd say, but they are much bigger and faster than any from her time. wi stɪl hæv treɪnz, jud seɪ, bʌt ðeɪ ɑr mʌʧ ˈbɪgər ənd ˈfæstər ðæn ˈɛni frʌm hər taɪm. 我们仍然有火车,你会说,但它们比她那个时代的任何火车都更大、更快。 As early morning traffic whizzes by, Patience might not know what to look at first. æz ˈərli ˈmɔrnɪŋ ˈtræfɪk ˈwɪzɪz baɪ, ˈpeɪʃəns maɪt nɑt noʊ wʌt tu lʊk æt fərst. 随着清晨车流呼啸而过,Patience 可能不知道首先要看什么。 "Where are all these people going?" "wɛr ɑr ɔl ðiz ˈpipəl goʊɪŋ?" “这么多人要去哪里?” she might ask. ʃi maɪt æsk. 她可能会问。 And you might reply, "Most are going to work. ənd ju maɪt rɪˈplaɪ, "moʊst ɑr goʊɪŋ tu wərk. 你可能会回答,“大多数都会工作。 Those big yellow buses are taking children to school. ðoʊz bɪg ˈjɛloʊ ˈbʌsɪz ɑr ˈteɪkɪŋ ˈʧɪldrən tu skul. 那些黄色的大公共汽车载着孩子们上学。 The trucks may be taking things from factories to stores, or even to other countries." ðə trʌks meɪ bi ˈteɪkɪŋ θɪŋz frʌm ˈfæktəriz tu stɔrz, ɔr ˈivɪn tu ˈʌðər ˈkʌntriz." 卡车可能会把东西从工厂运到商店,甚至运到其他国家。” When Patience sees her first airplane, she might collapse with fright. wɛn ˈpeɪʃəns siz hər fərst ˈɛrˌpleɪn, ʃi maɪt kəˈlæps wɪð fraɪt. 当 Patience 看到她的第一架飞机时,她可能会被吓倒。 You might tell her that planes, just like cars, trucks, trains, and even ships, run on fuel tell her what that is, too. ju maɪt tɛl hər ðæt pleɪnz, ʤʌst laɪk kɑrz, trʌks, treɪnz, ənd ˈivɪn ʃɪps, rʌn ɑn fjuəl tɛl hər wʌt ðæt ɪz, tu. 你可能会告诉她,飞机,就像汽车、卡车、火车,甚至轮船一样,都是靠燃料运行的,也请告诉她那是什么。 You will probably avoid the subject of atomic energy! ju wɪl ˈprɑbəˌbli əˈvɔɪd ðə səˈbʤɛkt ʌv əˈtɑmɪk ˈɛnərʤi! 你可能会避开原子能这个话题! Vocabulary atomic energy, n. energy that is created by splitting an atom; also called nuclear energy The Big Question How would you describe the changes taking place in the Information Age in comparison to the first and second stages of the Industrial Revolution? voʊˈkæbjəˌlɛri əˈtɑmɪk ˈɛnərʤi, ɛn. ˈɛnərʤi ðæt ɪz kriˈeɪtəd baɪ ˈsplɪtɪŋ æn ˈætəm; ˈɔlsoʊ kɔld ˈnukliər ˈɛnərʤi ðə bɪg kˈwɛsʧən haʊ wʊd ju dɪˈskraɪb ðə ˈʧeɪnʤəz ˈteɪkɪŋ pleɪs ɪn ðə ˌɪnˌfɔrˈmeɪʃən eɪʤ ɪn kəmˈpɛrəsən tu ðə fərst ənd ˈsɛkənd ˈsteɪʤɪz ʌv ðə ˌɪnˈdʌstriəl ˌrɛvəˈluʃən? 词汇原子能,n。原子分裂产生的能量;也称为核能 大问题 与工业革命的第一和第二阶段相比,您如何描述信息时代发生的变化?
Chicago is a modern city that could not even have been imagined at the beginning of the Industrial Revolution. ʃəˈkɑˌgoʊ ɪz ə ˈmɑdərn ˈsɪti ðæt kʊd nɑt ˈivɪn hæv bɪn ˌɪˈmæʤənd æt ðə bɪˈgɪnɪŋ ʌv ðə ˌɪnˈdʌstriəl ˌrɛvəˈluʃən. 芝加哥是一个在工业革命初期甚至无法想象的现代化城市。
Would Patience understand radios and televisions? wʊd ˈpeɪʃəns ˌəndərˈstænd ˈreɪdiˌoʊz ənd ˈtɛləˌvɪʒənz? 耐心会理解收音机和电视吗? Or telephones? ɔr ˈtɛləˌfoʊnz? 还是电话? Or computers? ɔr kəmˈpjutərz? 还是电脑? She might ask, "How do these words and pictures fly through Patience would ask about your clothing, especially the items made from man-made fibers. ʃi maɪt æsk, "haʊ du ðiz wərdz ənd ˈpɪkʧərz flaɪ θru ˈpeɪʃəns wʊd æsk əˈbaʊt jɔr ˈkloʊðɪŋ, əˈspɛʃli ðə ˈaɪtəmz meɪd frʌm ˈmænˌmeɪd ˈfaɪbərz. 她可能会问,“这些文字和图片是如何传遍 Patience 的?会问你的衣服,尤其是人造纤维制成的物品。 And she would ask about modern materials, such as plastic and steel. ənd ʃi wʊd æsk əˈbaʊt ˈmɑdərn məˈtɪriəlz, sʌʧ æz ˈplæstɪk ənd stil. 她会询问现代材料,例如塑料和钢材。 Almost everything would either intrigue or bewilder her. ˈɔlˌmoʊst ˈɛvriˌθɪŋ wʊd ˈiðər ˌɪnˈtrig ɔr bɪˈwɪldər hər. 几乎所有的事情都会引起她的兴趣或使她困惑。 Finally, Patience might say, "Stop! ˈfaɪnəli, ˈpeɪʃəns maɪt seɪ, "stɑp! 最后,Patience 可能会说,“停下! Where did all of these things come from? wɛr dɪd ɔl ʌv ðiz θɪŋz kʌm frʌm? 所有这些东西是从哪里来的? How did all of these changes happen?" haʊ dɪd ɔl ʌv ðiz ˈʧeɪnʤəz ˈhæpən?" 所有这些变化是如何发生的?” The Ongoing Revolution Having read this book, you might be able to give Patience some answers. ðə ˈɑnˌgoʊɪŋ ˌrɛvəˈluʃən ˈhævɪŋ rɛd ðɪs bʊk, ju maɪt bi ˈeɪbəl tu gɪv ˈpeɪʃəns sʌm ˈænsərz. 正在进行的革命 读完这本书,您或许可以给 Patience 一些答案。 But you might also want to ask a historian to help you explain. bʌt ju maɪt ˈɔlsoʊ wɑnt tu æsk ə hɪˈstɔriən tu hɛlp ju ɪkˈspleɪn. 但是您可能还想请历史学家帮助您解释。 A historian would tell you that the changes that so astonished Patience Kershaw did not happen all at once. ə hɪˈstɔriən wʊd tɛl ju ðæt ðə ˈʧeɪnʤəz ðæt soʊ əˈstɑnɪʃt ˈpeɪʃəns ˈkərˌʃɑ dɪd nɑt ˈhæpən ɔl æt wʌns. 一位历史学家会告诉你,让克肖 (Patience Kershaw) 如此震惊的变化并不是一下子发生的。 Most historians agree that the Industrial Revolution occurred in at least three distinct stages. moʊst hɪˈstɔriənz əˈgri ðæt ðə ˌɪnˈdʌstriəl ˌrɛvəˈluʃən əˈkərd ɪn æt list θri dɪˈstɪŋkt ˈsteɪʤɪz. 大多数历史学家都认为,工业革命至少经历了三个不同的阶段。 Patience Kershaw and her family experienced the first stage of the Industrial Revolution. ˈpeɪʃəns ˈkərˌʃɑ ənd hər ˈfæməli ɪkˈspɪriənst ðə fərst steɪʤ ʌv ðə ˌɪnˈdʌstriəl ˌrɛvəˈluʃən. Patience Kershaw 和她的家人经历了工业革命的第一阶段。 This stage occurred in Great Britain, North America, and took place in other countries all around the globe. ðɪs steɪʤ əˈkərd ɪn greɪt ˈbrɪtən, nɔrθ əˈmɛrɪkə, ənd tʊk pleɪs ɪn ˈʌðər ˈkʌntriz ɔl əraʊnd ðə gloʊb. 这个阶段发生在英国、北美,并发生在全球其他国家。 During this first stage, the Industrial Revolution vastly increased the energy available to humans by developing coal-powered steam engines and putting them into factories If Patience Kershaw had lived to old age, she and her children would have seen the beginnings of the second stage of the Industrial Revolution. ˈdʊrɪŋ ðɪs fərst steɪʤ, ðə ˌɪnˈdʌstriəl ˌrɛvəˈluʃən ˈvæstli ˌɪnˈkrist ðə ˈɛnərʤi əˈveɪləbəl tu ˈhjumənz baɪ dɪˈvɛləpɪŋ coal-powered* stim ˈɛnʤənz ənd ˈpʌtɪŋ ðɛm ˈɪntu ˈfæktəriz ɪf ˈpeɪʃəns ˈkərˌʃɑ hæd lɪvd tu oʊld eɪʤ, ʃi ənd hər ˈʧɪldrən wʊd hæv sin ðə bɪˈgɪnɪŋz ʌv ðə ˈsɛkənd steɪʤ ʌv ðə ˌɪnˈdʌstriəl ˌrɛvəˈluʃən. 在第一阶段,工业革命通过开发燃煤蒸汽机并将其投入工厂,极大地增加了人类可用的能源。工业革命。 It started in Britain, America, and Germany in the 1860s, and it too lasted about a century. ɪt ˈstɑrtəd ɪn ˈbrɪtən, əˈmɛrɪkə, ənd ˈʤərməni ɪn ðə 1860s*, ənd ɪt tu ˈlæstəd əˈbaʊt ə ˈsɛnʧəri. 它始于1860年代的英国、美国和德国,也持续了大约一个世纪。 Coal power, steam engines, and cloth-producing factories remained valuable, but dramatic new technologies and products became very important. koʊl paʊər, stim ˈɛnʤənz, ənd cloth-producing* ˈfæktəriz rɪˈmeɪnd ˈvæljəbəl, bʌt drəˈmætɪk nu tɛkˈnɑləʤiz ənd ˈprɑdəkts bɪˈkeɪm ˈvɛri ˌɪmˈpɔrtənt. 煤电、蒸汽机和织布厂仍然很有价值,但引人注目的新技术和新产品变得非常重要。 Inventors found ways to make stronger, harder steel, which was used in everything from skyscrapers to guns. ˌɪnˈvɛntərz faʊnd weɪz tu meɪk ˈstrɔŋgər, ˈhɑrdər stil, wɪʧ wɑz juzd ɪn ˈɛvriˌθɪŋ frʌm ˈskaɪˌskreɪpərz tu gʌnz. 发明家找到了制造更坚固、更坚硬钢材的方法,钢材被用于从摩天大楼到枪支的一切事物。 Electricity, now brought ɪˌlɛkˈtrɪsəti, naʊ brɔt 电力,现在带来
The first subways were built in the 1800s and early 1900s. ðə fərst ˈsʌbˌweɪz wər bɪlt ɪn ðə 1800s* ənd ˈərli 1900s*. 第一条地铁建于 1800 年代和 1900 年代初期。 Today, many modern cities have subway or underground systems. təˈdeɪ, ˈmɛni ˈmɑdərn ˈsɪtiz hæv ˈsʌbˌweɪ ɔr ˈʌndərˌgraʊnd ˈsɪstəmz. 今天,许多现代城市都有地铁或地下系统。 The Industrial Revolution eventually led to the development of lifesaving technologies and medicines. ðə ˌɪnˈdʌstriəl ˌrɛvəˈluʃən ɪˈvɛnʧəwəli lɛd tu ðə dɪˈvɛləpmənt ʌv ˈlaɪfˌseɪvɪŋ tɛkˈnɑləʤiz ənd ˈmɛdəsənz. 工业革命最终导致了救生技术和药物的发展。
under human control, was used to power factories, light up homes and streets, drive railroads and subways, and operate household appliances. ˈʌndər ˈhjumən kənˈtroʊl, wɑz juzd tu paʊər ˈfæktəriz, laɪt ʌp hoʊmz ənd strits, draɪv ˈreɪˌlroʊdz ənd ˈsʌbˌweɪz, ənd ˈɑpərˌeɪt ˈhaʊsˌhoʊld əˈplaɪənsɪz. 在人类控制下,它被用来为工厂供电、照亮家庭和街道、驱动铁路和地铁以及操作家用电器。 Path-breaking discoveries in chemistry and biology created whole new industries: turning petroleum into gasoline (which was used to power automobiles and airplanes), producing packaged foods, creating plastics and man-made fabrics, and introducing thousands of other things that would have astonished Patience Kershaw. path-breaking* dɪˈskʌvəriz ɪn ˈkɛmɪstri ənd baɪˈɑləʤi kriˈeɪtəd hoʊl nu ˈɪndəstriz: ˈtərnɪŋ pəˈtroʊliəm ˈɪntu ˈgæsəˌlin (wɪʧ wɑz juzd tu paʊər ˈɔtəmoʊˌbilz ənd ˈɛrpleɪnz), prəˈdusɪŋ ˈpækɪʤd fudz, kriˈeɪtɪŋ ˈplæstɪks ənd ˈmænˌmeɪd ˈfæbrɪks, ənd ˌɪntrəˈdusɪŋ ˈθaʊzəndz ʌv ˈʌðər θɪŋz ðæt wʊd hæv əˈstɑnɪʃt ˈpeɪʃəns ˈkərˌʃɑ. 化学和生物学领域的突破性发现创造了全新的产业:将石油转化为汽油(用于为汽车和飞机提供动力)、生产包装食品、制造塑料和人造织物,以及引入数以千计的其他东西,这些东西本来会让人们大吃一惊耐心克肖。 We have now entered the third stage of the Industrial Revolution (also called the "Information Age"), which most historians think began around 1980. wi hæv naʊ ˈɛntərd ðə θərd steɪʤ ʌv ðə ˌɪnˈdʌstriəl ˌrɛvəˈluʃən (ˈɔlsoʊ kɔld ðə "ˌɪnˌfɔrˈmeɪʃən eɪʤ"), wɪʧ moʊst hɪˈstɔriənz θɪŋk bɪˈgæn əraʊnd 1980 我们现在已经进入了工业革命的第三阶段(也称为“信息时代”),大多数历史学家认为该阶段始于 1980 年左右。 This stage is characterized by groundbreaking methods to mention music, movies, and video games! ðɪs steɪʤ ɪz ˈkɛrɪktərˌaɪzd baɪ ˈgraʊndˌbreɪkɪŋ ˈmɛθədz tu ˈmɛnʃən mˈjuzɪk, ˈmuviz, ənd ˈvɪdioʊ geɪmz! 这个阶段的特点是突破性地提及音乐、电影和视频游戏! In the new economy now emerging in developed nations, heavy industry is becoming less important. ɪn ðə nu ɪˈkɑnəmi naʊ ɪˈmərʤɪŋ ɪn dɪˈvɛləpt ˈneɪʃənz, ˈhɛvi ˈɪndəstri ɪz bɪˈkʌmɪŋ lɛs ˌɪmˈpɔrtənt. 在发达国家现在兴起的新经济中,重工业变得不那么重要了。 In fact, many of those older industries (and the environmental problems that go with them) are now moving to Latin America, Asia, and Africa. ɪn fækt, ˈmɛni ʌv ðoʊz ˈoʊldər ˈɪndəstriz (ənd ðə ɪnˌvaɪrənˈmɛntəl ˈprɑbləmz ðæt goʊ wɪð ðɛm) ɑr naʊ ˈmuvɪŋ tu ˈlætən əˈmɛrɪkə, ˈeɪʒə, ənd ˈæfrɪkɑ. 事实上,许多老工业(以及随之而来的环境问题)现在正在向拉丁美洲、亚洲和非洲转移。 More and more jobs in the United States, Western Europe, and Japan now involve computers and biotechnology. mɔr ənd mɔr ʤɑbz ɪn ðə juˈnaɪtəd steɪts, ˈwɛstərn ˈjʊrəp, ənd ʤəˈpæn naʊ ˌɪnˈvɑlv kəmˈpjutərz ənd ˌbaɪoʊˌtɛkˈnɑləʤi. 在美国、西欧和日本,越来越多的工作涉及计算机和生物技术。 Cell phone use became widespread in the 1990s, changing our patterns of communication. sɛl foʊn jus bɪˈkeɪm ˈwaɪdˈsprɛd ɪn ðə 1990s*, ˈʧeɪnʤɪŋ aʊər ˈpætərnz ʌv kəmˌjunəˈkeɪʃən. 手机的使用在 1990 年代变得普遍,改变了我们的沟通方式。 Vocabulary biotechnology, n. the use of living things, such as cells and bacteria, to make useful products voʊˈkæbjəˌlɛri ˌbaɪoʊˌtɛkˈnɑləʤi, ɛn. ðə jus ʌv ˈlɪvɪŋ θɪŋz, sʌʧ æz sɛlz ənd bækˈtɪriə, tu meɪk ˈjusfəl ˈprɑdəkts 词汇生物技术,n。使用细胞和细菌等生物来制造有用的产品
The Role of Capitalism Capitalism has played a very important role in each of these three stages. ðə roʊl ʌv ˈkæpɪtəˌlɪzəm ˈkæpɪtəˌlɪzəm hæz pleɪd ə ˈvɛri ˌɪmˈpɔrtənt roʊl ɪn iʧ ʌv ðiz θri ˈsteɪʤɪz. 资本主义的作用资本主义在这三个阶段中的每一个阶段都发挥了非常重要的作用。 Industrialists need money to open factories. ˌɪnˈdʌstriəlɪsts nid ˈmʌni tu ˈoʊpən ˈfæktəriz. 实业家需要钱来开工厂。 Scientists and inventors need money to develop and market their discoveries. ˈsaɪəntɪsts ənd ˌɪnˈvɛntərz nid ˈmʌni tu dɪˈvɛləp ənd ˈmɑrkət ðɛr dɪˈskʌvəriz. 科学家和发明家需要资金来开发和销售他们的发现。 That's where investors come in. ðæts wɛr ˌɪnˈvɛstərz kʌm ɪn. 这就是投资者进来的地方。 They are willing to risk their money on an idea or product that they think people will want to buy. ðeɪ ɑr ˈwɪlɪŋ tu rɪsk ðɛr ˈmʌni ɑn æn aɪˈdiə ɔr ˈprɑdəkt ðæt ðeɪ θɪŋk ˈpipəl wɪl wɑnt tu baɪ. 他们愿意为他们认为人们会愿意购买的想法或产品冒险。 They do this to make a profit, yet everyone may eventually benefit. ðeɪ du ðɪs tu meɪk ə ˈprɑfət, jɛt ˈɛvriˌwən meɪ ɪˈvɛnʧəwəli ˈbɛnəfɪt. 他们这样做是为了赚钱,但最终每个人都可能受益。 One of the good things about capitalism is that it allows people to pursue private wealth while also creating things that improve the lives of other people. wʌn ʌv ðə gʊd θɪŋz əˈbaʊt ˈkæpɪtəˌlɪzəm ɪz ðæt ɪt əˈlaʊz ˈpipəl tu pərˈsu ˈpraɪvət wɛlθ waɪl ˈɔlsoʊ kriˈeɪtɪŋ θɪŋz ðæt ˌɪmˈpruv ðə lɪvz ʌv ˈʌðər ˈpipəl. 资本主义的好处之一是它允许人们追求私人财富,同时也创造改善他人生活的东西。 What's more, because capitalists are competing against one another, there is a built-in motivation for them to make the best and cheapest televisions or dishwashers they possibly can. wʌts mɔr, bɪˈkɔz ˈkæpətəlɪsts ɑr kəmˈpitɪŋ əˈgɛnst wʌn əˈnʌðər, ðɛr ɪz ə ˈbɪlˌtɪn ˌmoʊtəˈveɪʃən fɔr ðɛm tu meɪk ðə bɛst ənd ˈʧipəst ˈtɛləˌvɪʒənz ɔr ˈdɪʃˌwɑʃərz ðeɪ ˈpɑsəbli kæn. 更重要的是,由于资本家相互竞争,他们有一种内在的动机去制造他们可能制造的最好和最便宜的电视机或洗碗机。 Otherwise, some other capitalist may put them out of business! ˈʌðərˌwaɪz, sʌm ˈʌðər ˈkæpətəlɪst meɪ pʊt ðɛm aʊt ʌv ˈbɪznəs! 否则,其他资本家可能会把他们关门大吉! In order to stay in business, many capitalists and industrialists have followed Adam Smith's principles of division of labor. ɪn ˈɔrdər tu steɪ ɪn ˈbɪznəs, ˈmɛni ˈkæpətəlɪsts ənd ˌɪnˈdʌstriəlɪsts hæv ˈfɑloʊd ˈædəm smɪθs ˈprɪnsəpəlz ʌv dɪˈvɪʒən ʌv ˈleɪbər. 许多资本家和实业家为了继续经营下去,都遵循了亚当·斯密的分工原则。 Division of labor has made it possible to create machines of amazing complexity. dɪˈvɪʒən ʌv ˈleɪbər hæz meɪd ɪt ˈpɑsəbəl tu kriˈeɪt məˈʃinz ʌv əˈmeɪzɪŋ kəmˈplɛksəti. 劳动分工使制造极其复杂的机器成为可能。 It would be fantastically difficult, perhaps even impossible, for any one person to manufacture all of the parts that go into a computer or a car. ɪt wʊd bi fænˈtæstɪkli ˈdɪfəkəlt, pərˈhæps ˈivɪn ˌɪmˈpɑsəbəl, fɔr ˈɛni wʌn ˈpərsən tu ˌmænjəˈfækʧər ɔl ʌv ðə pɑrts ðæt goʊ ˈɪntu ə kəmˈpjutər ɔr ə kɑr. 对于任何一个人来说,制造电脑或汽车的所有零件都非常困难,甚至可能是不可能的。 But when thousands of people create separate parts and take on separate tasks, even very large jobs Investors play a key role in capitalism. bʌt wɛn ˈθaʊzəndz ʌv ˈpipəl kriˈeɪt ˈsɛpərˌeɪt pɑrts ənd teɪk ɑn ˈsɛpərˌeɪt tæsks, ˈivɪn ˈvɛri lɑrʤ ʤɑbz ˌɪnˈvɛstərz pleɪ ə ki roʊl ɪn ˈkæpɪtəˌlɪzəm. 但是,当成千上万的人创建不同的部分并承担不同的任务时,即使是非常大的工作,投资者在资本主义中也扮演着关键角色。 Nowadays, to be an investor you need only to buy some shares of stock in a company that makes or does something. ˈnaʊəˌdeɪz, tu bi æn ˌɪnˈvɛstər ju nid ˈoʊnli tu baɪ sʌm ʃɛrz ʌv stɑk ɪn ə ˈkʌmpəˌni ðæt meɪks ɔr dʌz ˈsʌmθɪŋ. 如今,要成为一名投资者,你只需要购买一家制造或做某事的公司的部分股票。 If the company makes a profit, your shares of stock will increase in value. ɪf ðə ˈkʌmpəˌni meɪks ə ˈprɑfət, jɔr ʃɛrz ʌv stɑk wɪl ˌɪnˈkris ɪn ˈvælju. 如果公司盈利,您的股票价值就会增加。 If the company doesn't make a profit, your shares will lose value. ɪf ðə ˈkʌmpəˌni ˈdʌzənt meɪk ə ˈprɑfət, jɔr ʃɛrz wɪl luz ˈvælju. 如果公司不盈利,你的股票就会贬值。 That's the risk you run as an investor! ðæts ðə rɪsk ju rʌn æz æn ˌɪnˈvɛstər! 这就是您作为投资者所承担的风险! Vocabulary "shares of stock," (phrase) a small piece of a company; when investors buy shares (parts) of stock, they own a part of the company voʊˈkæbjəˌlɛri "ʃɛrz ʌv stɑk," (freɪz) ə smɔl pis ʌv ə ˈkʌmpəˌni; wɛn ˌɪnˈvɛstərz baɪ ʃɛrz (pɑrts) ʌv stɑk, ðeɪ oʊn ə pɑrt ʌv ðə ˈkʌmpəˌni 词汇“股份”,(词组)公司的一小部分;当投资者购买股票(部分)时,他们拥有公司的一部分
In short, capitalism has helped bring many benefits. ɪn ʃɔrt, ˈkæpɪtəˌlɪzəm hæz hɛlpt brɪŋ ˈmɛni ˈbɛnəfɪts. 简而言之,资本主义帮助带来了许多好处。 Because of industrialism and capitalism, modern Americans are surrounded by labor-saving gadgets and luxury items that would make the kings and queens of old wild with envy. bɪˈkɔz ʌv industrialism* ənd ˈkæpɪtəˌlɪzəm, ˈmɑdərn əˈmɛrɪkənz ɑr sərˈaʊndəd baɪ labor-saving* ˈgæʤəts ənd ˈlʌgʒəri ˈaɪtəmz ðæt wʊd meɪk ðə kɪŋz ənd kwinz ʌv oʊld waɪld wɪð ˈɛnvi. 由于工业主义和资本主义,现代美国人被省力的小玩意和奢侈品所包围,这些东西会让古代的国王和王后羡慕不已。 Unsolved Problems There's no denying that capitalism has achieved a great deal, but there's also no denying that it has created new problems and made some old problems worse. ənˈsɑlvd ˈprɑbləmz ðɛrz noʊ dɪˈnaɪɪŋ ðæt ˈkæpɪtəˌlɪzəm hæz əˈʧivd ə greɪt dil, bʌt ðɛrz ˈɔlsoʊ noʊ dɪˈnaɪɪŋ ðæt ɪt hæz kriˈeɪtəd nu ˈprɑbləmz ənd meɪd sʌm oʊld ˈprɑbləmz wərs. 未解决的问题 不可否认,资本主义取得了很大成就,但也不可否认,它制造了新问题,使一些老问题变得更糟。 You read about some of these problems. ju rɛd əˈbaʊt sʌm ʌv ðiz ˈprɑbləmz. 您阅读了其中一些问题。 They include child labor, health hazards, inequality of wealth, business cycles, depressions, pollution, overcrowded cities, slums, increased crime, monotonous work, and discouraged workers. ðeɪ ˌɪnˈklud ʧaɪld ˈleɪbər, hɛlθ ˈhæzərdz, ˌɪnɪkˈwɑləti ʌv wɛlθ, ˈbɪznəs ˈsaɪkəlz, dɪˈprɛʃənz, pəˈluʃən, ˈoʊvərˌkraʊdɪd ˈsɪtiz, slʌmz, ˌɪnˈkrist kraɪm, məˈnɑtənəs wərk, ənd dɪˈskərɪʤd ˈwərkərz. 它们包括童工、健康危害、财富不平等、商业周期、萧条、污染、过度拥挤的城市、贫民窟、犯罪率上升、单调的工作和灰心丧气的工人。 It was problems like these that led many thoughtful people in the 1800s to advocate new political and economic systems. ɪt wɑz ˈprɑbləmz laɪk ðiz ðæt lɛd ˈmɛni ˈθɔtfəl ˈpipəl ɪn ðə 1800s* tu ˈædvəkət nu pəˈlɪtəkəl ənd ˌɛkəˈnɑmɪk ˈsɪstəmz. 正是这些问题导致 1800 年代许多有思想的人提倡新的政治和经济制度。 Socialist reformers like Robert Owen wanted to help workers live better lives, while Karl Marx thought that only a revolution in which workers rose up against owners could solve the problem and create a perfect society - a communist society. ˈsoʊʃəlɪst rɪˈfɔrmərz laɪk ˈrɑbərt oʊən ˈwɔntɪd tu hɛlp ˈwərkərz laɪv ˈbɛtər lɪvz, waɪl kɑrl mɑrks θɔt ðæt ˈoʊnli ə ˌrɛvəˈluʃən ɪn wɪʧ ˈwərkərz roʊz ʌp əˈgɛnst ˈoʊnərz kʊd sɑlv ðə ˈprɑbləm ənd kriˈeɪt ə pərˈfɛkt soʊˈsaɪɪti ə ˈkɑmjənəst soʊˈsaɪɪti. 像罗伯特欧文这样的社会主义改革者希望帮助工人过上更好的生活,而卡尔马克思认为只有工人起来反对所有者的革命才能解决问题并创造一个完美的社会 - 共产主义社会。 People can spend their money on investing in companies if they choose to. ˈpipəl kæn spɛnd ðɛr ˈmʌni ɑn ˌɪnˈvɛstɪŋ ɪn ˈkʌmpəˌniz ɪf ðeɪ ʧuz tu. 如果愿意,人们可以将钱花在投资公司上。
Communism has not worked out so well in practice. ˈkɑmjəˌnɪzəm hæz nɑt wərkt aʊt soʊ wɛl ɪn ˈpræktɪs. 共产主义在实践中并没有取得很好的效果。 In most so-called communist societies, dictators govern and workers have very little say over their lives and well-being. ɪn moʊst ˈsoʊˈkɔld ˈkɑmjənəst səˈsaɪɪtiz, dɪkˈteɪtərz ˈgʌvərn ənd ˈwərkərz hæv ˈvɛri ˈlɪtəl seɪ ˈoʊvər ðɛr lɪvz ənd ˌwɛlˈbiɪŋ. 在大多数所谓的共产主义社会中,独裁者进行统治,工人对他们的生活和福祉几乎没有发言权。 They do not have the lives that Karl Marx imagined. ðeɪ du nɑt hæv ðə lɪvz ðæt kɑrl mɑrks ˌɪˈmæʤənd. 他们没有卡尔·马克思想象的生活。 Socialist utopias, such as Robert Owen's New Harmony, tended to be short- lived. ˈsoʊʃəlɪst juˈtoʊpiəz, sʌʧ æz ˈrɑbərt oʊənz nu ˈhɑrməni, ˈtɛndəd tu bi ʃɔrt- lɪvd. 社会主义乌托邦,如罗伯特欧文的新和谐,往往是短暂的。 The reforms imagined by many thinkers of the 1800s have not always worked out as they envisioned. ðə rəˈfɔrmz ˌɪˈmæʤənd baɪ ˈmɛni ˈθɪŋkərz ʌv ðə 1800s* hæv nɑt ˈɔlˌweɪz wərkt aʊt æz ðeɪ ɛnˈvɪʒənd. 1800 年代许多思想家所设想的改革并不总是像他们设想的那样奏效。 A Compromise Solution The United States has never had a communist revolution or a socialist government. ə ˈkɑmprəˌmaɪz səˈluʃən ðə juˈnaɪtəd steɪts hæz ˈnɛvər hæd ə ˈkɑmjənəst ˌrɛvəˈluʃən ɔr ə ˈsoʊʃəlɪst ˈgʌvərnmənt. 妥协方案 美国从未有过共产主义革命或社会主义政府。 But we have not preserved capitalism in the pure form that Adam Smith described, either. bʌt wi hæv nɑt prəˈzərvd ˈkæpɪtəˌlɪzəm ɪn ðə pjʊr fɔrm ðæt ˈædəm smɪθ dɪˈskraɪbd, ˈiðər. 但我们也没有以亚当斯密所描述的纯粹形式保存资本主义。 What one finds in the United States (and in almost all other industrialized nations) is a sort of compromise solution. wʌt wʌn faɪndz ɪn ðə juˈnaɪtəd steɪts (ənd ɪn ˈɔlˌmoʊst ɔl ˈʌðər ˌɪnˈdʌstriəˌlaɪzd ˈneɪʃənz) ɪz ə sɔrt ʌv ˈkɑmprəˌmaɪz səˈluʃən. 人们在美国(以及几乎所有其他工业化国家)发现的是一种折衷方案。 We still have a capitalist system in which people are allowed to own property and start businesses in the hopes of making money. wi stɪl hæv ə ˈkæpətəlɪst ˈsɪstəm ɪn wɪʧ ˈpipəl ɑr əˈlaʊd tu oʊn ˈprɑpərti ənd stɑrt ˈbɪznəsəz ɪn ðə hoʊps ʌv ˈmeɪkɪŋ ˈmʌni. 我们仍然有一个资本主义制度,允许人们拥有财产并开办企业以赚钱。 But we have borrowed a number of ideas as well. bʌt wi hæv ˈbɑˌroʊd ə ˈnʌmbər ʌv aɪˈdiəz æz wɛl. 但我们也借鉴了一些想法。 Here in the United States, the government is a lot more involved with the economy than Adam Smith thought government should be. hir ɪn ðə juˈnaɪtəd steɪts, ðə ˈgʌvərnmənt ɪz ə lɑt mɔr ˌɪnˈvɑlvd wɪð ðə ɪˈkɑnəmi ðæn ˈædəm smɪθ θɔt ˈgʌvərnmənt ʃʊd bi. 在美国,政府对经济的参与比亚当·斯密认为政府应该参与的要多得多。 The government regulates banks and businesses. ðə ˈgʌvərnmənt ˈrɛgjəˌleɪts bæŋks ənd ˈbɪznəsəz. 政府监管银行和企业。 It requires employers to pay a minimum wage and to provide a safe workplace. ɪt rikˈwaɪərz ɛmˈplɔɪərz tu peɪ ə ˈmɪnəməm weɪʤ ənd tu prəˈvaɪd ə seɪf ˈwərkˌpleɪs. 它要求雇主支付最低工资并提供安全的工作场所。 It makes laws to prevent monopolies, limit pollution, and prevent the destruction of the environment. ɪt meɪks lɔz tu prɪˈvɛnt məˈnɑpəliz, ˈlɪmət pəˈluʃən, ənd prɪˈvɛnt ðə dɪˈstrʌkʃən ʌv ðə ɪnˈvaɪrənmənt. 它制定法律以防止垄断、限制污染和防止环境破坏。 There is also a welfare system designed to help the poor and disadvantaged. ðɛr ɪz ˈɔlsoʊ ə ˈwɛlˌfɛr ˈsɪstəm dɪˈzaɪnd tu hɛlp ðə pur ənd dɪsədˈvæntɪʤd. 还有一个旨在帮助穷人和弱势群体的福利制度。 The government helps the poor by providing child care, low-cost housing, food stamps, and medical care. ðə ˈgʌvərnmənt hɛlps ðə pur baɪ prəˈvaɪdɪŋ ʧaɪld kɛr, ˌloʊˈkɔst ˈhaʊzɪŋ, fud stæmps, ənd ˈmɛdəkəl kɛr. 政府通过提供托儿服务、廉价住房、食品券和医疗服务来帮助穷人。 The elderly are protected by the Social Security system, which Vocabulary monopoly, n. complete ownership or control of a resource or industry "welfare system," (phrase) a series of government programs that help poor or unemployed people meet their basic needs, such as food and housing Social Security, n. a U.S. government program that provides income to people who are retired or disabled ðə ˈɛldərli ɑr prəˈtɛktɪd baɪ ðə ˈsoʊʃəl sɪˈkjʊrəti ˈsɪstəm, wɪʧ voʊˈkæbjəˌlɛri məˈnɑpəli, ɛn. kəmˈplit ˈoʊnərˌʃɪp ɔr kənˈtroʊl ʌv ə ˈrisɔrs ɔr ˈɪndəstri "ˈwɛlˌfɛr ˈsɪstəm," (freɪz) ə ˈsɪriz ʌv ˈgʌvərnmənt ˈproʊˌgræmz ðæt hɛlp pur ɔr ˌənɛmˈplɔɪd ˈpipəl mit ðɛr ˈbeɪsɪk nidz, sʌʧ æz fud ənd ˈhaʊzɪŋ ˈsoʊʃəl sɪˈkjʊrəti, ɛn. ə juz. ˈgʌvərnmənt ˈproʊˌgræm ðæt prəˈvaɪdz ˈɪnˌkəm tu ˈpipəl hu ɑr rɪˈtaɪrd ɔr dɪˈseɪbəld 老年人受到社会保障体系的保护,词汇垄断,n。完全拥有或控制资源或行业 “福利系统”,(短语)一系列帮助穷人或失业人员满足其基本需求的政府计划,例如食品和住房社会保障,n。美国政府为退休或残障人士提供收入的计划
pays a pension to retired people, and Medicare, which provides health insurance. peɪz ə ˈpɛnʃən tu rɪˈtaɪrd ˈpipəl, ənd ˈmɛdəˌkɛr, wɪʧ prəˈvaɪdz hɛlθ ˌɪnˈʃʊrəns. 向退休人员支付养老金,以及提供健康保险的 Medicare。 Workers are protected from some of the pains of unemployment by a government insurance system. ˈwərkərz ɑr prəˈtɛktɪd frʌm sʌm ʌv ðə peɪnz ʌv ˌənɪmˈplɔɪmənt baɪ ə ˈgʌvərnmənt ˌɪnˈʃʊrəns ˈsɪstəm. 政府保险制度保护工人免于失业带来的一些痛苦。 The idea is to combine the best aspects of all systems. ðə aɪˈdiə ɪz tu ˈkɑmbaɪn ðə bɛst ˈæˌspɛkts ʌv ɔl ˈsɪstəmz. 这个想法是结合所有系统的最佳方面。 How well is it working? haʊ wɛl ɪz ɪt ˈwərkɪŋ? 效果如何? Well, that depends on whom you ask. wɛl, ðæt dɪˈpɛndz ɑn hum ju æsk. 嗯,这取决于你问谁。 Some people will tell you the current system works pretty well. sʌm ˈpipəl wɪl tɛl ju ðə kərənt ˈsɪstəm wərks ˈprɪti wɛl. 有些人会告诉您当前系统运行良好。 Others will tell you we need to get rid of a lot of welfare programs, shrink the government, and move closer to pure capitalism. ˈʌðərz wɪl tɛl ju wi nid tu gɛt rɪd ʌv ə lɑt ʌv ˈwɛlˌfɛr ˈproʊˌgræmz, ʃrɪŋk ðə ˈgʌvərnmənt, ənd muv ˈkloʊsər tu pjʊr ˈkæpɪtəˌlɪzəm. 其他人会告诉你,我们需要取消大量福利计划,缩减政府规模,并向纯粹的资本主义靠拢。 Still other people will say that the government needs to place more limits on capitalists and do more to protect the poor and disadvantaged and that even today, reform is needed. stɪl ˈʌðər ˈpipəl wɪl seɪ ðæt ðə ˈgʌvərnmənt nidz tu pleɪs mɔr ˈlɪməts ɑn ˈkæpətəlɪsts ənd du mɔr tu prəˈtɛkt ðə pur ənd dɪsədˈvæntɪʤd ənd ðæt ˈivɪn təˈdeɪ, rəˈfɔrm ɪz ˈnidəd. 还有一些人会说,政府需要对资本家施加更多限制,并采取更多措施保护穷人和弱势群体,即使在今天,也需要改革。 So what we do about that? soʊ wʌt wi du əˈbaʊt ðæt? 那我们怎么办呢? Democracy depends on the involvement of citizens, so we participate in the political process. dɪˈmɑkrəsi dɪˈpɛndz ɑn ðə ˌɪnˈvɑlvmənt ʌv ˈsɪtəzənz, soʊ wi pɑrˈtɪsəˌpeɪt ɪn ðə pəˈlɪtəkəl ˈprɑˌsɛs. 民主取决于公民的参与,因此我们参与政治进程。 For example, almost all American adults have the right to vote. fɔr ɪgˈzæmpəl, ˈɔlˌmoʊst ɔl əˈmɛrɪkən əˈdʌlts hæv ðə raɪt tu voʊt. 例如,几乎所有的美国成年人都有投票权。 Voting for a candidate who shares your beliefs, whether it's for more government protection or stricter trade Generally, people vote for political candidates who most represent their own views. ˈvoʊtɪŋ fɔr ə ˈkændədeɪt hu ʃɛrz jɔr bɪˈlifs, ˈwɛðər ɪts fɔr mɔr ˈgʌvərnmənt prəˈtɛkʃən ɔr ˈstrɪktər treɪd ˈʤɛnərəli, ˈpipəl voʊt fɔr pəˈlɪtəkəl ˈkændədeɪts hu moʊst ˌrɛprəˈzɛnt ðɛr oʊn vjuz. 投票给与您有相同信仰的候选人,无论是为了更多的政府保护还是更严格的贸易 通常,人们投票给最能代表自己观点的政治候选人。
Citizens have other ways of making their voices heard, as well. ˈsɪtəzənz hæv ˈʌðər weɪz ʌv ˈmeɪkɪŋ ðɛr ˈvɔɪsəz hərd, æz wɛl. 公民也可以通过其他方式表达自己的意见。 You can write to your government leaders, asking for change. ju kæn raɪt tu jɔr ˈgʌvərnmənt ˈlidərz, ˈæskɪŋ fɔr ʧeɪnʤ. 你可以写信给你的政府领导人,要求改变。 You can participate in protests or demonstrations. ju kæn pɑrˈtɪsəˌpeɪt ɪn ˈproʊˌtɛsts ɔr ˌdɛmənˈstreɪʃənz. 您可以参加抗议或示威。 You can join organizations that work toward the change you want to see. ju kæn ʤɔɪn ˌɔrgənəˈzeɪʃənz ðæt wərk təˈwɔrd ðə ʧeɪnʤ ju wɑnt tu si. 您可以加入致力于实现您希望看到的变化的组织。 You can even run for political office. ju kæn ˈivɪn rʌn fɔr pəˈlɪtəkəl ˈɔfəs. 你甚至可以竞选政治职位。 Democracy is yet another thing that would probably surprise Patience Kershaw. dɪˈmɑkrəsi ɪz jɛt əˈnʌðər θɪŋ ðæt wʊd ˈprɑbəˌbli sərˈpraɪz ˈpeɪʃəns ˈkərˌʃɑ. 民主是另一件可能会让 Patience Kershaw 感到惊讶的事情。 If you told Patience that people like her could grow up to vote for the leaders of the government or even become a government leader herself, she might not believe you. ɪf ju toʊld ˈpeɪʃəns ðæt ˈpipəl laɪk hər kʊd groʊ ʌp tu voʊt fɔr ðə ˈlidərz ʌv ðə ˈgʌvərnmənt ɔr ˈivɪn bɪˈkʌm ə ˈgʌvərnmənt ˈlidər hərˈsɛlf, ʃi maɪt nɑt bɪˈliv ju. 如果你告诉 Patience,像她这样的人长大后可以投票给政府领导人,甚至自己成为政府领导人,她可能不会相信你。 "Oh, how things have changed!" "oʊ, haʊ θɪŋz hæv ʧeɪnʤd!" “哎呀,怎么变了!” she might say. ʃi maɪt seɪ. 她可能会说。 That is the story of industrialism and the Industrial Revolution. ðæt ɪz ðə ˈstɔri ʌv industrialism* ənd ðə ˌɪnˈdʌstriəl ˌrɛvəˈluʃən. 这就是工业主义和工业革命的故事。 But it is not a complete story. bʌt ɪt ɪz nɑt ə kəmˈplit ˈstɔri. 但这不是一个完整的故事。 Not every part of the story has been told, nor has the story ended. nɑt ˈɛvəri pɑrt ʌv ðə ˈstɔri hæz bɪn toʊld, nɔr hæz ðə ˈstɔri ˈɛndəd. 并不是故事的每一部分都被讲述过,故事也没有结束。 The contribution of women and of enslaved workers was incredibly significant. ðə ˌkɑntrəˈbjuʃən ʌv ˈwɪmən ənd ʌv ɛnsˈleɪvd ˈwərkərz wɑz ˌɪnˈkrɛdəbli səgˈnɪfɪkənt. 妇女和被奴役的工人的贡献非常重要。 And then there is the issue of the environment. ənd ðɛn ðɛr ɪz ðə ˈɪʃu ʌv ðə ɪnˈvaɪrənmənt. 然后是环境问题。 Over time, the Industrial Revolution affected Earth's environment in a number of harmful ways. ˈoʊvər taɪm, ðə ˌɪnˈdʌstriəl ˌrɛvəˈluʃən əˈfɛktɪd ərθs ɪnˈvaɪrənmənt ɪn ə ˈnʌmbər ʌv ˈhɑrmfəl weɪz. 随着时间的推移,工业革命以多种有害方式影响了地球环境。 Today we are more aware of the harmful consequences of pollution, heavy manufacturing, the removal of forests, and of intensive mining. təˈdeɪ wi ɑr mɔr əˈwɛr ʌv ðə ˈhɑrmfəl ˈkɑnsəkˌwɛnsəz ʌv pəˈluʃən, ˈhɛvi ˌmænjəˈfækʧərɪŋ, ðə rɪˈmuvəl ʌv ˈfɔrəsts, ənd ʌv ˌɪnˈtɛnsɪv ˈmaɪnɪŋ. 今天,我们更加意识到污染、重工业、砍伐森林和密集采矿的有害后果。 The Industrial Revolution is still changing the world. ðə ˌɪnˈdʌstriəl ˌrɛvəˈluʃən ɪz stɪl ˈʧeɪnʤɪŋ ðə wərld. 工业革命仍在改变世界。 Indeed, the world is changing so rapidly, that, if we could travel forward 150 years in time, we would probably be just as astonished, amazed, and confused as Patience Kershaw would be if she had the opportunity to visit our world today! ˌɪnˈdid, ðə wərld ɪz ˈʧeɪnʤɪŋ soʊ ˈræpədli, ðæt, ɪf wi kʊd ˈtrævəl ˈfɔrwərd 150 jɪrz ɪn taɪm, wi wʊd ˈprɑbəˌbli bi ʤʌst æz əˈstɑnɪʃt, əˈmeɪzd, ənd kənfˈjuzd æz ˈpeɪʃəns ˈkərˌʃɑ wʊd bi ɪf ʃi hæd ðə ˌɑpərˈtunəti tu ˈvɪzɪt aʊər wərld təˈdeɪ! 确实,世界变化如此之快,以至于如果我们能够将时间向前移动 150 年,我们可能会像 Patience Kershaw 今天有机会访问我们的世界一样感到惊讶、惊奇和困惑! As for the story itself, perhaps what you have read here will inspire you to æz fɔr ðə ˈstɔri ˌɪtˈsɛlf, pərˈhæps wʌt ju hæv rɛd hir wɪl ˌɪnˈspaɪr ju tu 至于故事本身,也许您在这里阅读的内容会启发您
A atomic energy, n. energy that is created by splitting an atom; also called nuclear energy (86) B barge, n. a boat with a flat bottom, usually used for carrying goods (29) biotechnology, n. the use of living things, such as cells and bacteria, to make useful products (90) bourgeoisie, n. the upper or wealthy middle class; the people who owned the means C capitalism, n. an economic system in which resources and businesses are privately owned and prices are not controlled by the government (38) capitalist, n. a person who participates in capitalism; a person who sells goods, services, or who invests money in a business (38) civil rights, n. the rights that all citizens are supposed to have (46) commerce, n. the buying and selling of goods and services; trade (43) communist, adj. relating to communism, an economic system based on community ownership of property and industry (76) confiscate, v. to take away; to seize (82) D "debtors' prison," (phrase) a jail for people who could not pay money that they owed (50) division of labor, n. the breakdown of work into specific tasks performed by different people; often considered a way to make workers more efficient (48) "draft animal," (phrase) an animal used for pulling heavy loads (22) dues, n. money paid to an organization to become a member of that organization (64) E economics, n. the study of the management of money and resources to produce, buy, and sell goods and services (46) economy, n. the way a country manages its money and resources to produce, buy, and sell goods and services (9) export, v. to send goods to sell in another country (40) F free market, n. an economic system based on competition between private businesses, where the government does not control prices (10) G gentry, n. people who own land and have high social standing but no titles of nobility (14) I impersonal, adj. having no connection to people; lacking feeling (75) import, v. to bring goods into one country from another country (40) Industrial Revolution, n. a period of history during which the use of machines to produce goods changed society and the economy (4) industrialism, n. the organization of society around an economy based on the use of machines and factories (62) industrialization, n. a shift to the widespread use of machines and factories to produce goods (4) Glossary ə əˈtɑmɪk ˈɛnərʤi, ɛn. ˈɛnərʤi ðæt ɪz kriˈeɪtəd baɪ ˈsplɪtɪŋ æn ˈætəm; ˈɔlsoʊ kɔld ˈnukliər ˈɛnərʤi 86 bi bɑrʤ, ɛn. ə boʊt wɪð ə flæt ˈbɑtəm, ˈjuʒəwəli juzd fɔr ˈkæriɪŋ gʊdz 29 ˌbaɪoʊˌtɛkˈnɑləʤi, ɛn. ðə jus ʌv ˈlɪvɪŋ θɪŋz, sʌʧ æz sɛlz ənd bækˈtɪriə, tu meɪk ˈjusfəl ˈprɑdəkts 90 ˌbʊrʒˌwɑˈzi, ɛn. ðə ˈʌpər ɔr ˈwɛlθi ˈmɪdəl klæs; ðə ˈpipəl hu oʊnd ðə minz si ˈkæpɪtəˌlɪzəm, ɛn. æn ˌɛkəˈnɑmɪk ˈsɪstəm ɪn wɪʧ ˈrisɔrsɪz ənd ˈbɪznəsəz ɑr ˈpraɪvətli oʊnd ənd ˈpraɪsəz ɑr nɑt kənˈtroʊld baɪ ðə ˈgʌvərnmənt 38 ˈkæpətəlɪst, ɛn. ə ˈpərsən hu pɑrˈtɪsəˌpeɪts ɪn ˈkæpɪtəˌlɪzəm; ə ˈpərsən hu sɛlz gʊdz, ˈsərvəsəz, ɔr hu ˌɪnˈvɛsts ˈmʌni ɪn ə ˈbɪznəs 38 ˈsɪvəl raɪts, ɛn. ðə raɪts ðæt ɔl ˈsɪtəzənz ɑr səˈpoʊzd tu hæv 46 ˈkɑmərs, ɛn. ðə baɪɪŋ ənd ˈsɛlɪŋ ʌv gʊdz ənd ˈsərvəsəz; treɪd 43 ˈkɑmjənəst, adj*. rɪˈleɪtɪŋ tu ˈkɑmjəˌnɪzəm, æn ˌɛkəˈnɑmɪk ˈsɪstəm beɪst ɑn kəmˈjunəti ˈoʊnərˌʃɪp ʌv ˈprɑpərti ənd ˈɪndəstri 76 ˈkɑnfəˌskeɪt, vi. tu teɪk əˈweɪ; tu siz 82 di "ˈdɛtərz' ˈprɪzən," (freɪz) ə ʤeɪl fɔr ˈpipəl hu kʊd nɑt peɪ ˈmʌni ðæt ðeɪ oʊd 50 dɪˈvɪʒən ʌv ˈleɪbər, ɛn. ðə ˈbreɪkˌdaʊn ʌv wərk ˈɪntu spəˈsɪfɪk tæsks pərˈfɔrmd baɪ ˈdɪfərənt ˈpipəl; ˈɔftən kənˈsɪdərd ə weɪ tu meɪk ˈwərkərz mɔr ɪˈfɪʃənt 48 "dræft ˈænəməl," (freɪz) æn ˈænəməl juzd fɔr ˈpʊlɪŋ ˈhɛvi loʊdz 22 duz, ɛn. ˈmʌni peɪd tu æn ˌɔrgənəˈzeɪʃən tu bɪˈkʌm ə ˈmɛmbər ʌv ðæt ˌɔrgənəˈzeɪʃən 64 i ˌɛkəˈnɑmɪks, ɛn. ðə ˈstʌdi ʌv ðə ˈmænəʤmənt ʌv ˈmʌni ənd ˈrisɔrsɪz tu prəˈdus, baɪ, ənd sɛl gʊdz ənd ˈsərvəsəz 46 ɪˈkɑnəmi, ɛn. ðə weɪ ə ˈkʌntri ˈmænɪʤɪz ɪts ˈmʌni ənd ˈrisɔrsɪz tu prəˈdus, baɪ, ənd sɛl gʊdz ənd ˈsərvəsəz 9 ˈɛkspɔrt, vi. tu sɛnd gʊdz tu sɛl ɪn əˈnʌðər ˈkʌntri 40 ɛf fri ˈmɑrkət, ɛn. æn ˌɛkəˈnɑmɪk ˈsɪstəm beɪst ɑn ˌkɑmpəˈtɪʃən bɪtˈwin ˈpraɪvət ˈbɪznəsəz, wɛr ðə ˈgʌvərnmənt dʌz nɑt kənˈtroʊl ˈpraɪsəz 10 ʤi ˈʤɛntri, ɛn. ˈpipəl hu oʊn lænd ənd hæv haɪ ˈsoʊʃəl ˈstændɪŋ bʌt noʊ ˈtaɪtəlz ʌv noʊˈbɪləti 14 aɪ ˌɪmˈpərsənəl, adj*. ˈhævɪŋ noʊ kəˈnɛkʃən tu ˈpipəl; ˈlækɪŋ ˈfilɪŋ 75 ˌɪmˈpɔrt, vi. tu brɪŋ gʊdz ˈɪntu wʌn ˈkʌntri frʌm əˈnʌðər ˈkʌntri 40 ˌɪnˈdʌstriəl ˌrɛvəˈluʃən, ɛn. ə ˈpɪriəd ʌv ˈhɪstəri ˈdʊrɪŋ wɪʧ ðə jus ʌv məˈʃinz tu prəˈdus gʊdz ʧeɪnʤd soʊˈsaɪɪti ənd ðə ɪˈkɑnəmi 4 industrialism*, ɛn. ðə ˌɔrgənəˈzeɪʃən ʌv soʊˈsaɪɪti əraʊnd æn ɪˈkɑnəmi beɪst ɑn ðə jus ʌv məˈʃinz ənd ˈfæktəriz 62 ˌɪnˌdəstriəlɪˈzeɪʃən, ɛn. ə ʃɪft tu ðə ˈwaɪdˈsprɛd jus ʌv məˈʃinz ənd ˈfæktəriz tu prəˈdus gʊdz 4 ˈglɔsəri 原子能,n。原子分裂产生的能量;也称为核能 (86) B barge, n.平底船,通常用于运载货物 (29) biotechnology, n.使用细胞和细菌等生物来制造有用的产品 (90) bourgeoisie, n.上层或富裕的中产阶级;拥有手段的人 C 资本主义,n。资源和企业为私有且价格不受政府控制的经济体系 (38) capitalist, n.参与资本主义的人;销售商品、服务或投资企业的人 (38) 民权,名词。所有公民都应该拥有的权利 (46) commerce, n.商品和服务的买卖;贸易 (43) 共产主义,形容词。与共产主义有关,一种基于财产和工业社区所有权的经济制度 (76) 没收,诉带走;夺取 (82) D “债务人监狱”,(短语)关押那些无力支付欠款的人的监狱 (50) 劳动分工,n。将工作分解为由不同人员执行的特定任务;通常被认为是一种提高工人效率的方法 (48) “draft animal”,(短语)一种用于拉动重物的动物 (22) 会费,n。支付给组织以成为该组织成员的钱 (64) E economics, n.对生产、购买和销售商品和服务的资金和资源管理的研究 (46) 经济,n。一个国家管理其资金和资源以生产、购买和销售商品和服务的方式 (9) 出口,v. 发送商品到另一个国家销售 (40) F 自由市场,n。一种基于私营企业之间竞争的经济体系,政府不控制价格 (10) G gentry, n.拥有土地并具有较高社会地位但没有贵族头衔的人 (14) I impersonal, adj.与人无关;缺乏感觉 (75) 进口,v. 将货物从另一个国家带入一个国家 (40) Industrial Revolution, n.一段历史时期,在此期间使用机器生产商品改变了社会和经济 (4) 工业主义,n。围绕基于机器和工厂使用的经济的社会组织 (62) 工业化,n。转向广泛使用机器和工厂生产商品 (4) 词汇表
inflation, n. a rise in prices and a fall in the purchasing value of money (74) investor, n. a person who puts money into a business with the goal of later making a profit (74) L laissez-faire, n. a philosophy that calls for very little or no government involvement in the economy (47) landlord, n. a person who owns property that other people pay to use or live in (14) loom, n. a machine used to weave threads Luddite, n. in the early 1800s, a person who protested against industrialization by destroying machines and factories; today, the word refers to someone who is opposed to new ideas or technologies (60) M malnutrition, n. a state of poor health due to not having enough healthy food (17) mercantilism, n. an economic system that aims to increase a country's wealth and power by controlling trade and people (39) migration, n. the act of moving from one place to another to live (29) monopoly, n. complete ownership or control of a resource or industry (93) N nutrition, n. the process of eating the right kinds of food to be healthy (35) P plague, n. a highly contagious, usually fatal, disease that affects large numbers of people (28) poach, v. to hunt or fish illegally (16) politics, n. the activities of leaders running a government (55) poorhouse, n. a place where poor people were sent to live if they were unable to pay their bills (8) prime minister, n. the head of government in some countries (53) productivity, n. the rate at which goods are made or work is completed (22) proletarian, n. a worker (76) propaganda, n. false or exaggerated information that is spread to encourage belief in a certain person or idea (81) R raw material, n. something that can be used to make or create a product; for example, cotton is a raw material used to make fabric (41) regulate, v. to control or place limits on (70) S sanitation, n. the system of keeping a place clean and free of disease (35) serf, n. a peasant who is not free; a person living on a feudal estate who was required to work for the lord of the manor (14) serfdom, n. an agricultural system in which people (serfs) were not free, but were required to stay and work for a landowner as the owner demanded (14) shaft, n. a deep, narrow tunnel that gives access to a mine (23) "shares of stock," (phrase) a small piece of a company; when investors buy shares (parts) of stock, they own a part of the company (91) slum, n. a crowded city neighborhood where buildings are in bad condition; often used to refer to areas where poor people live (35) social democracy, n. a system of representative government that uses elements of capitalism and socialism to govern the economy (70) Social Security, n. a U.S. government program that provides income to people who are retired or disabled (93) ˌɪnˈfleɪʃən, ɛn. ə raɪz ɪn ˈpraɪsəz ənd ə fɔl ɪn ðə ˈpərʧəsɪŋ ˈvælju ʌv ˈmʌni 74 ˌɪnˈvɛstər, ɛn. ə ˈpərsən hu pʊts ˈmʌni ˈɪntu ə ˈbɪznəs wɪð ðə goʊl ʌv ˈleɪtər ˈmeɪkɪŋ ə ˈprɑfət 74 ɛl laissez-faire*, ɛn. ə fəˈlɑsəfi ðæt kɔlz fɔr ˈvɛri ˈlɪtəl ɔr noʊ ˈgʌvərnmənt ˌɪnˈvɑlvmənt ɪn ðə ɪˈkɑnəmi 47 ˈlænˌdlɔrd, ɛn. ə ˈpərsən hu oʊnz ˈprɑpərti ðæt ˈʌðər ˈpipəl peɪ tu jus ɔr laɪv ɪn 14 lum, ɛn. ə məˈʃin juzd tu wiv θrɛdz ˈlʌˌdaɪt, ɛn. ɪn ðə ˈərli 1800s*, ə ˈpərsən hu prəˈtɛstəd əˈgɛnst ˌɪnˌdəstriəlɪˈzeɪʃən baɪ dɪˈstrɔɪɪŋ məˈʃinz ənd ˈfæktəriz; təˈdeɪ, ðə wərd rəˈfərz tu ˈsʌmˌwən hu ɪz əˈpoʊzd tu nu aɪˈdiəz ɔr tɛkˈnɑləʤiz 60 ɛm ˌmælnuˈtrɪʃən, ɛn. ə steɪt ʌv pur hɛlθ du tu nɑt ˈhævɪŋ ɪˈnʌf ˈhɛlθi fud 17 mərˈkæntəˌlɪzəm, ɛn. æn ˌɛkəˈnɑmɪk ˈsɪstəm ðæt eɪmz tu ˌɪnˈkris ə ˈkʌntriz wɛlθ ənd paʊər baɪ kənˈtroʊlɪŋ treɪd ənd ˈpipəl 39 maɪˈgreɪʃən, ɛn. ðə ækt ʌv ˈmuvɪŋ frʌm wʌn pleɪs tu əˈnʌðər tu laɪv 29 məˈnɑpəli, ɛn. kəmˈplit ˈoʊnərˌʃɪp ɔr kənˈtroʊl ʌv ə ˈrisɔrs ɔr ˈɪndəstri 93 ɛn nuˈtrɪʃən, ɛn. ðə ˈprɑˌsɛs ʌv ˈitɪŋ ðə raɪt kaɪndz ʌv fud tu bi ˈhɛlθi 35 pi pleɪg, ɛn. ə ˈhaɪli kənˈteɪʤəs, ˈjuʒəwəli ˈfeɪtəl, dɪˈziz ðæt əˈfɛkts lɑrʤ ˈnʌmbərz ʌv ˈpipəl 28 poʊʧ, vi. tu hʌnt ɔr fɪʃ ˌɪˈligəli 16 ˈpɑləˌtɪks, ɛn. ðə ækˈtɪvɪtiz ʌv ˈlidərz ˈrʌnɪŋ ə ˈgʌvərnmənt 55 ˈpuˌrhaʊs, ɛn. ə pleɪs wɛr pur ˈpipəl wər sɛnt tu laɪv ɪf ðeɪ wər əˈneɪbəl tu peɪ ðɛr bɪlz 8 praɪm ˈmɪnəstər, ɛn. ðə hɛd ʌv ˈgʌvərnmənt ɪn sʌm ˈkʌntriz 53 ˌproʊdəkˈtɪvəti, ɛn. ðə reɪt æt wɪʧ gʊdz ɑr meɪd ɔr wərk ɪz kəmˈplitəd 22 ˌproʊləˈtɛriən, ɛn. ə ˈwərkər 76 ˌprɑpəˈgændə, ɛn. fɔls ɔr ɪgˈzæʤərˌeɪtəd ˌɪnˌfɔrˈmeɪʃən ðæt ɪz sprɛd tu ɛnˈkərɪʤ bɪˈlif ɪn ə ˈsərtən ˈpərsən ɔr aɪˈdiə 81 ɑr rɑ məˈtɪriəl, ɛn. ˈsʌmθɪŋ ðæt kæn bi juzd tu meɪk ɔr kriˈeɪt ə ˈprɑdəkt; fɔr ɪgˈzæmpəl, ˈkɑtən ɪz ə rɑ məˈtɪriəl juzd tu meɪk ˈfæbrɪk 41 ˈrɛgjəˌleɪt, vi. tu kənˈtroʊl ɔr pleɪs ˈlɪməts ɑn 70 ɛs ˌsænəˈteɪʃən, ɛn. ðə ˈsɪstəm ʌv ˈkipɪŋ ə pleɪs klin ənd fri ʌv dɪˈziz 35 sərf, ɛn. ə ˈpɛzənt hu ɪz nɑt fri; ə ˈpərsən ˈlɪvɪŋ ɑn ə fˈjudəl ɛˈsteɪt hu wɑz rikˈwaɪərd tu wərk fɔr ðə lɔrd ʌv ðə ˈmænər 14 serfdom*, ɛn. æn ˌægrɪˈkʌlʧərəl ˈsɪstəm ɪn wɪʧ ˈpipəl (sərfs) wər nɑt fri, bʌt wər rikˈwaɪərd tu steɪ ənd wərk fɔr ə ˈlænˌdoʊnər æz ðə ˈoʊnər dɪˈmændəd 14 ʃæft, ɛn. ə dip, ˈnɛroʊ ˈtʌnəl ðæt gɪvz ˈækˌsɛs tu ə maɪn 23 "ʃɛrz ʌv stɑk," (freɪz) ə smɔl pis ʌv ə ˈkʌmpəˌni; wɛn ˌɪnˈvɛstərz baɪ ʃɛrz (pɑrts) ʌv stɑk, ðeɪ oʊn ə pɑrt ʌv ðə ˈkʌmpəˌni 91 slʌm, ɛn. ə ˈkraʊdəd ˈsɪti ˈneɪbərˌhʊd wɛr ˈbɪldɪŋz ɑr ɪn bæd kənˈdɪʃən; ˈɔftən juzd tu rəˈfər tu ˈɛriəz wɛr pur ˈpipəl laɪv 35 ˈsoʊʃəl dɪˈmɑkrəsi, ɛn. ə ˈsɪstəm ʌv ˌrɛprəˈzɛntətɪv ˈgʌvərnmənt ðæt ˈjusəz ˈɛləmənts ʌv ˈkæpɪtəˌlɪzəm ənd ˈsoʊʃəˌlɪzəm tu ˈgʌvərn ðə ɪˈkɑnəmi 70 ˈsoʊʃəl sɪˈkjʊrəti, ɛn. ə juz. ˈgʌvərnmənt ˈproʊˌgræm ðæt prəˈvaɪdz ˈɪnˌkəm tu ˈpipəl hu ɑr rɪˈtaɪrd ɔr dɪˈseɪbəld 93 通货膨胀, n.价格上涨和货币购买价值下降 (74) investor, n.将钱投入企业以期以后获利的人 (74) L 自由放任,名词。一种要求政府很少或根本不参与经济的哲学 (47) 地主,n。拥有其他人支付使用或居住财产的人 (14) loom, n.用于织线的机器 Luddite, n. 1800年代初,一个人通过破坏机器和工厂来抗议工业化;今天,这个词指的是反对新思想或新技术的人 (60) M 营养不良,名词。由于没有足够的健康食品而导致的健康状况不佳 (17) mercantilism, n.旨在通过控制贸易和人口 (39) 移民来增加国家财富和实力的经济体系,n。从一个地方搬到另一个地方居住的行为 (29) 垄断,名词。资源或行业的完全所有权或控制权 (93) N 营养,n。吃正确种类的食物以保持健康的过程 (35) P plague, n.一种高度传染性的、通常是致命的疾病,会影响大量的人 (28) poach, v. to hunt or fish illegally (16) politics, n.管理政府的领导人的活动 (55) poorhouse, n.如果穷人无力支付账单,他们就会被送去居住的地方 (8) prime minister, n.一些国家的政府首脑 (53) productivity, n.商品生产或工作完成的速度 (22) proletarian, n.工人 (76) 宣传,n。传播虚假或夸大的信息以鼓励相信某个人或想法 (81) R 原材料,n。可用于制造或创造产品的东西;例如,棉花是一种用于制造织物的原材料 (41) regulate, v. to control or place limits on (70) S sanitation, n.保持地方清洁和无疾病的系统 (35) serf, n.一个不自由的农民;生活在封建庄园的人,必须为庄园领主工作 (14) serfdom, n.一个农业系统,在这个系统中,人们(农奴)不是自由的,而是被要求留下来为土地所有者工作,因为所有者要求 (14) 轴,n。通向矿山的又深又窄的隧道 (23) “股份”,(短语)公司的一小部分;当投资者购买股票(部分)时,他们拥有公司 (91) slum, n. 的一部分。拥挤的城市社区,建筑物状况不佳;通常用来指穷人居住的地区 (35) social democracy, n.使用资本主义和社会主义元素来管理经济的代议制政府制度 (70) Social Security, n.美国政府为退休或残障人士提供收入的计划 (93)
socialism, n. an economic system in which major industries are owned or regulated by the government, rather than by private businesses (69) strike, n. a temporary work stoppage organized by workers as a protest (65) supply and demand, n. the amount of goods and services available to buy compared with the amount that people want to buy (47) T totalitarian, adj. controlling all aspects of life (84) U union, n. an organization formed by workers to win and protect workers' rights (9) utopian, adj. idealistic; usually describes beliefs about the perfect society (70) W waterwheel, n. a wheel that is turned by flowing water and used to power machinery (22) "welfare system," (phrase) a series of government programs that help poor or unemployed people meet their basic needs, such as food and housing (93) Y yeoman, n. a person who owns and works on a small farm (14) ˈsoʊʃəˌlɪzəm, ɛn. æn ˌɛkəˈnɑmɪk ˈsɪstəm ɪn wɪʧ ˈmeɪʤər ˈɪndəstriz ɑr oʊnd ɔr ˈrɛgjəˌleɪtəd baɪ ðə ˈgʌvərnmənt, ˈræðər ðæn baɪ ˈpraɪvət ˈbɪznəsəz 69 straɪk, ɛn. ə ˈtɛmpərˌɛri wərk ˈstɑpɪʤ ˈɔrgəˌnaɪzd baɪ ˈwərkərz æz ə ˈproʊˌtɛst 65 səˈplaɪ ənd dɪˈmænd, ɛn. ðə əˈmaʊnt ʌv gʊdz ənd ˈsərvəsəz əˈveɪləbəl tu baɪ kəmˈpɛrd wɪð ðə əˈmaʊnt ðæt ˈpipəl wɑnt tu baɪ 47 ti ˌtoʊˌtælɪˈtɛriən, adj*. kənˈtroʊlɪŋ ɔl ˈæˌspɛkts ʌv laɪf 84 ju ˈjunjən, ɛn. æn ˌɔrgənəˈzeɪʃən fɔrmd baɪ ˈwərkərz tu wɪn ənd prəˈtɛkt ˈwərkərz' raɪts 9 juˈtoʊpiən, adj*. aɪˌdiəˈlɪstɪk; ˈjuʒəwəli dɪˈskraɪbz bɪˈlifs əˈbaʊt ðə pərˈfɛkt soʊˈsaɪɪti 70 ˈdʌbəlju waterwheel*, ɛn. ə wil ðæt ɪz tərnd baɪ floʊɪŋ ˈwɔtər ənd juzd tu paʊər məˈʃinəri 22 "ˈwɛlˌfɛr ˈsɪstəm," (freɪz) ə ˈsɪriz ʌv ˈgʌvərnmənt ˈproʊˌgræmz ðæt hɛlp pur ɔr ˌənɛmˈplɔɪd ˈpipəl mit ðɛr ˈbeɪsɪk nidz, sʌʧ æz fud ənd ˈhaʊzɪŋ 93 waɪ ˈjoʊmən, ɛn. ə ˈpərsən hu oʊnz ənd wərks ɑn ə smɔl fɑrm 14 社会主义, n.一种经济体系,其中主要行业由政府拥有或监管,而不是由私营企业 (69) 罢工,n。工人组织的临时停工作为抗议 (65) 供应和需求,n。可供购买的商品和服务的数量与人们想要购买的数量相比 (47) T 极权主义,形容词。控制生活的方方面面 (84) U union,n。由工人组成以赢得和保护工人权利的组织 (9) utopian, adj.理想主义的;通常描述关于完美社会的信念 (70) W waterwheel, n.由流水转动并用于为机械提供动力的轮子 (22)“福利系统”,(短语)一系列帮助穷人或失业人员满足其基本需求(例如食物和住房)的政府计划 (93) Y yeoman , 名词拥有小农场并在其中工作的人 (14)
Series Editor-In-Chief E.D. Hirsch, Jr. Editorial Directors Linda Bevilacqua and Rosie McCormick ˈsɪriz editor-in-chief* e.d*. hərʃ, jr*. ˌɛdəˈtɔriəl dərˈɛktərz ˈlɪndə bɛviˈlɑkwə ənd ˈroʊzi məˈkɔrmɪk 系列主编 E.D. Hirsch, Jr. 编辑部主任 Linda Bevilacqua 和 Rosie McCormick